“Bonny Barbara Allan” a Typical Ballad Essay

To this day, ballads are still enjoyed by some individuals; many generations ago they were at the very heart of amusement. Passed on orally, they centred such interesting subjects as tragic love. Typically, although ballads are fairly simple, in that they do not tend to focus on characterization, they have a rapid dialogue, and are usually in the form of quatrains, and rhyming in abcb. As a traditional ballad â€Å"Bonny Barbara Allan† employs these traditional qualities and conventions: it is written in quatrains with an abcb rhyming scheme pattern, employs rapid dialogues, displays a lack of characterization and deals with tragic love. The most noticeable feature of this ballad is the four line stanzas rhyming in abcb. When the second and the fourth stanza are not actual rhyme, the poet uses an approximate rhyme. We can count three actual rhymes and six approximate rhymes. The opening quatrain’s first and second stanza consists of an approximate rhyme: It was in and about the Martinmas time, When the green leaves were a falling, That Sir John Graeme, in the West Country, Fell in love with Barbara Allan. (Line 1-4) Other approximate rhyme can be found in the second, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth quatrain as for the actual rhyme they are present in the third, seventh and ninth quatrain. The first actual rhyme is: O hooly, hooly rose she up, To the place where he was lying, And when she drew the curtain by, â€Å"Young man, I think you’re dying.† (Line 9-12) The rapid dialogues create the impression that there is a causal link between Barbara Allan and Sir John Graeme although, they never speak directly to each other. It also creates a more dramatic tone. Before each dialogue, there is an introductory stanza which breaks the actual conversation into one that is being told; without those stanzas we would read â€Å"Young man, I think you’re dying.† (Line 12), â€Å"O it’s I’m sick, and very, very sick† (Line13). We are provided with only vague time setting, season, and place. Perhaps, the most revealing is the â€Å"Martinmas time,† (Line 1) it is Christian feast observed in commemoration of the death and burial of Saint Martin of Tours and takes place on November 11. The â€Å"green leaves were a falling† (Line 2) also support the date since winter is the season trees do not have any leafs. The last indication is in the second stanza, â€Å"He sent his man down through the town† (Line 5) which suggest a small town because during the 14th century walking was the way people got by. Throughout the poem, the importance of some words is emphasized by stress and repetition â€Å"slowly, slowly raise she up† to give us the impression that even as we read he movements becomes slower and slower. Furthermore, we can identify easily the tragic love present, again another typical element of ballads. We can notice this element especially in these two particular quatrains: â€Å"O it’s I’m sick, and very, very sick, And ’tis a’ for Barbara Allan:† â€Å"O the better for me ye’s never be, Tho you heart’s blood were a spilling. (Line 13-16) â€Å"O dinna ye mind, you man,† said she, â€Å"When ye was in the tavern a drinking, That ye made the healths gae round and round, And slighted Barbara Allan?† (Line 17-20) In her stubbornness, Barbara Allan refuses to forgive Sir John Graeme for not toasting to her health even though she knows he is ill. She leaves him to die without complete peace; she holds this grudge against him until he passes away. Despite the grudge, her love is genuine and consequently she chooses to die for John. The action of dying for him is not explicitly stated, but we are not left guessing her fate for the poet uses symbolism, in particular the â€Å"bed,† to suggest a funeral. All the elements needed for it to be a typical ballad are present. The format of the stanzas, the rhyming scheme, the attention paid to characterization, the speed of the dialogues, and the tragic love all correspond to the norm.

Gideon’s Trumpet Strong point of the book Essay

Gideon’s Trumpet is the ‘story’ of an epic legal battle. I give full marks to this story. It depicts the will power, grit and determination of a simple prison inmate to take on the legal system of USA. He achieved his objective with a pencil and paper and his simple drafting skill. He proved that his knowledge about the law is much more than hundreds of legal luminaries of America put together. He was fighting the mighty force of the State, and it was no ordinary opposition. If a man suffers, he must have the support of a legal provision to redress his grievance. Otherwise the legal system is at fault, not the individual. This is the simple truth as seen by a common man, in the present case relating to Clarence Earl Gideon. I like this book for its important contribution to secure individual liberty and how one man successfully challenged the legal system. The story is the triumph of human spirit versus flaws in the system created and nurtured by human beings. It is the victory of the chair less power (common man) in the fight against powerful chairs (legal and political power). When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. Anthony Lewis is well aware of this principle. His book proves the point. I need to heap additional praise on the contents of this book.   His book proves the great and important point. The improbable battle of Gideon leads the Court to give the ultimate decision in his favor. Lewis comes out of the Court Scene to project the human face of the story. Those who think that the legal system is the service tool for the rich and the politically well-connected need to take the appropriate lesson from Gideon. He set such a legal process in motion that would affect the entire legal system of USA. The effect of the case was precedent-shattering. Mr. Gideon is twice-blessed. He has provided a highly motivating case from legal as well as sociological aspects. Another strong point of the book is that it is free from political overtones. The author has confined himself to the legal aspect of the case only. But he has pointed out the limitations and difficulties of the Supreme Court functioning. Valuable lessons can be learnt from his observations. This case gave scope to several reference issues that set the American legal system to change for the better. It examined the question about safeguarding accused from escaping the judicial system due to arbitrary court violations. The second issue decided was, majority of the states supported the issue of providing proper defense.  Ã‚   Such a course of action would be cheaper to the exchequer in the long run instead court cases dismissed on account of legal inaccuracies. This position arose because many litigants in court could claim wrong trial due to improper representation. The third most important issue in the cited case, Adamson vs. California, in which the 14th Amendment was challenged, relates to the Bill of Rights application. Supreme Court ruled it as the violation of all Fundamental Rights within as a violation towards the litigant. Thus, this is a good book for the students of law, especially for those who intend to specialize in Constitutional Rights. Weak points of the case†¦ It is difficult to find weak points in he book from the legal aspect. For, Gideon’s case changed the concept of ultimate justice in USA. The common man got confidence that he too is listened to, and respected. But from the sociological angle, there is a weak point.   In the present case, we feel that it is the intelligence of the lawyer that secured a clean acquittal for Gideon, not his innocence. The outcome of the case may encourage the criminals. They will think to commit crime and then it is easy to get away by hiring a good counsel; if you have no means of hiring, the government will do it for you. Once his request to provide a lawyer was agreed by the Court, Gideon became very arrogant. His lawyer Fred Turner had to strictly tell him, â€Å"I’ll only represent you if you will stop trying to be the lawyer and let me handle the case.† Gideon agreed. Gideon was a stubborn prisoner. In spite of his crankiness, and eccentricities, the State spent a huge amount in engaging counsel for him and the precious time of the Supreme Court was used. The successful termination of the case sends a wrong signal to the society. The criminal gets the protection, and the safety of the law-abiding citizen is in trouble. I liked the book†¦. Mr. Gideon has made the remarkable judicial contribution by the simple handwritten application that he sent to Supreme Court. He had a new trial and in the end, he was acquitted. The legal defense, and the question of due process were entirely re-examined and good conclusions resulted. Any conflicting issue is an interesting topic for discussion. Gideon’s case leaves hardly anything for the opposition counsel to argue, unless it is opposition for the sake of opposition. This is a good book; it has the timeless appeal, for the students of sociology. All laws, just because they are the laws of the land, are not faultless. A difficult law implemented in a worst manner is the ultimate calamity for the common prisoner.   Such a law, if not amended or withdrawn quickly, can ruin the delicate social structure based on human relationships. It concerns fundamental rights and liberty of the individual. Embroiled in unfriendly system of jurisprudence, the poor class prisoners get physically, emotionally and economically crushed. One finds it extremely difficult to sustain one’s normal balance .In such circumstances one remains desperately in need of some consolation and permanent solution. That was the reason why Gideon sought the solution through his pencil-written application to the Supreme Court. Desperate situations need desperate remedies, and Gideon used one such remedy! It is a brilliant book for students of all streams, especially law students.   Fundamental rights offer the guarantee of legal protection to all the citizens, for which Gideon fought and won.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reference Cited: Book Review: Gideon’s Trumpet Lewis, Anthony (Author) Book: Gideon’s Trumpet (Paperback) Publisher: Vintage Books USA; Reissue edition (Feb 1989) Language English ISBN-10: 0679723129 ISBN-13: 978-0679723127

Differences and Similarities Essay

What are the differences in narrative and descriptive essays? This is a question many students ask. Having experienced writing both, I can tell that there are plenty of similarities as well as some very big differences between the two types of writings. Both narrative and descriptive essays provide great details. A narrative tells a story about an event, while descriptive creates a picture of a person, place, thing or event for the reader. I think that a descriptive essay gives a clearer picture of the story that’s happen or been created in someone life. A narrative essay often reflects your personal experiences, explaining what happened during some sort of experience. For example in the narrative essay â€Å"Homeless† the author was telling the story of how a women was homeless staying a bus terminal for several weeks and she had a home before but she lost it. The author explained the women explained â€Å"They were pictures of a house. It was like a thousand houses in a hundred towns, not suburb, not city, but somewhere in between, with aluminum siding and a chain-link fence, a narrow driveway running up to a one-car garage and a patch of backyard. The house was yellow.† The author was narrating the home that she once had before. This is what is meant by narrative essays have a purpose of telling the events to the reader. Narrative essay topics can include recounting an experience where you learned something significant, your first fight, your first job interview, or a frightening encounter. Narration is not always a personal experience, a book report can be consider a narrative since it spells out a plot. On the other hand descriptive essays uses sensory detail like sight, sound, smell and taste to describe a scene, person or feeling to the reader. In the descriptive essay â€Å"I want a wife† you can clearer visualize how the  man wanted his cloths to be kept up to part. For instance when the autho r said â€Å"I want a wife who will keep my cloths cleaned, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will see to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it.† As you describe, you can create a three dimensional picture so the reader can experience the item, place, person or emotion along with the reading. Descriptive essay topics can include your favorite place, your basement, your bedroom, your best friend, an odd object that you own, an art exhibit, the best or worst teacher you ever had, your ideal job or your dream home. When it comes to the similarities between narrative and descriptive essay they have a lot in common. Just as in the narrative essay â€Å"Homeless† the author explained that â€Å"it’s not the size or location but pride of ownership†. Where as in the descriptive essay † I Want a Wife† the author explained † I want a wife who is a good nurturant attendant to my children, who arranges for their schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate social life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc†. That writer was detailing what it was he wanted in a wife. Both wri ters were explaining specific details. Both narrative and descriptive essays should follow essay format with an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs and a concluding paragraph. At the end of the introduction, place a thesis, a sentence that explains the overall purpose of the paper. Give a reason for the narration or description in the thesis explaining why the event, person, place or thing is important enough to write about. In both, the thesis should express that you are telling a story because something was learned or that you are describing a place that creates a sense of clam in your life. Also, in both narration and description essay, including specific details in the body paragraphs to support the idea set forth in the thesis. However, there are some big differences between narrative and description writings. Narration often employs first person point of view, using words like â€Å"I† and â€Å"me†, while description do not. For example, the author of â€Å"Homeless† said â€Å"I’ve never been very good at looking at the big picture, taking the global view, and I’ve always been a person with an overactive sense of place, legacy of an Irish grandfather.† This is her using the word â€Å"I† explaining to the reader this is how she is. Another big difference between the two is that a narrative essay includes action,  but the descriptive essay does not. Narration follows a logical order, typically chronological. In contrast, description typically contains no time elements, so organize descriptive essays by some other reasonable means, such as how you physically move around in a space or with a paragraph for each of the senses you use to describe. When it comes to the descriptive essay â€Å"I want a wife† the author describes what he want his wife to do for him and the kids and the household by saying â€Å"I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me.† He states know order as to how he wants it all done, he just know this is the way that he want his wife to be. In conclusion, Narrative and description writings have a similarities and difference. Both writings can be interesting to write and read about because the point of the writings is to grab the reader’s attention. On the other hand, both essays have different writing techniques to use to catch the reader attention. After getting a better understanding and examples in the similarities and differences between the two writings one will be more exciting to write on a topic then the other one. Depending on the style of the writer or what experiences and places or people that have encounter in your life this will determine which essay style you will choose. Like me if you enjoy painting a picture in someone head to make them feel like they can see, smell or even taste what your are writing about then descriptive essays is the way to go. References: Brady, J. (1971). I want a wife. Retrieved from http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everythingsanargument4e/content/cat_020/Brady_I_Want_a_Wife.pdf Quindlen, A. (n.d.). Homeless. Retrieved from http://pers.dadeschools.net/prodev/homelesstext.htm Connell, C. M., & Sole, K. (2013). Essentials of college writing (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Op-ed paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Op-ed paper - Essay Example Thank you for considering my opinion article. Respectfully yours, Beyond the Pink Slip With pink slips comes the slipping away of our educational system as well. This country boasts of technological breakthroughs and researches in the field of genetic engineering, space exploration and in almost every field of science. Our country have led the world into new inventions and incomparable advancement, never been seen in human history. Thanks to the persevering grade school teachers to university professors who have guided scientist, physicist, economist, military tactician, and artist that have steered this country’s prowess in the economic politico-military and socio cultural life of the world. This is what America owes to its excellent educational system. Teachers are at the heart of our country’s excellent educational system. But where are we pushing our teachers now? Where are we pushing our whole educational system? At the moment, the recent distribution of nearly 3,0 00 pink slips in Bay Area alone is generating a great stress not just to public school teachers, but to the whole academic community. Along with looming joblessness comes the lost of morale and deep anxiety for the teachers which eventually will lead them to poor teaching performance,(unconsciously). Students, on the other hand are left disillusioned on the importance of education, amidst on the situation of their teacher’s job instability. Are we to blame the teachers? Teaching remains one of the noblest professions around the world. I believe every teacher has a sincere and purest desire to impart knowledge and skills to every learner. Behind every doctor, engineer, or even the president of this nation is a persevering teacher, who had painstakingly taught the first stroke of writing and the sound of each letter in an alphabet. The job insecurity hounding their way it’s like executing the soul and pillar of our educational system. Pink slip snatches away the noblenes s of teaching profession. It strips off our teachers of their self worth and sense of dignity. In the long run, it will be stripping off our society with talented and devoted individuals who are committed to passing on knowledge to current and generations to come. Pink slip is not just a pink slip. It’s a manifestation of a declining state budget to education. At a glance, budget cut is equivalent only to massive lay off of public school teachers along with other non teaching staffs. But at the end of the day, who really suffers at the impeding new round of budget cut to education? Parents have to brace themselves for additional expenses in sending their children to school. Students have to contend with overcrowded classrooms .Teachers that luckily did not received pink slips this year are left anxious on who’s next on the pink slip list in the coming school year. Unconsciously, this vicious cycle has pitted teachers against one another in the race called survival of t he fittest which can become very stressful. Moreover, teachers are burdened with more workload and cheap salary. Pink slips reflect the current values of our state. They can afford to send bombs to Libya and Iraq through the UN Security Council. There is budget in so called â€Å"peacekeeping† measures and â€Å"national security†. There is budget for war while we have budget cut for education. Are we not in effect? Actually not securing our society with the declining

Function of place in Mad Max 2 by Georgre Miller 1981 (film) Movie Review

Function of place in Mad Max 2 by Georgre Miller 1981 (film) - Movie Review Example The cinematography of Mad Max 2 makes very little use of interiors but instead invites the audience to a wide open desert space, reminiscent of the blue skies, red sand and rugged canyons that were common in traditional westerns. The characters in their black leather or white canvas clothing move around this desolate space, and the impression that is given is deliberately edgy and harsh. The sun beats down on the settlers’ camp, and the bikers circle like marauding Indians, and all of the humans appear to be in a frontier between civilization and a deadly wilderness. The way the camera approaches the action is very different from the predictable and safe western style, however. Car chases are filmed with the camera low to the ground, and the vehicles approaching at speed and this draws the audience right into the danger. The main character played by Mel Gibson, is a drifter, neither one of the robbers, nor one of the homesteaders with their homely pigs and chickens. This locat ion does not symbolize the pioneers taming the wilderness, but rather the wilderness has the upper hand and the settlers are very much at its mercy. This film uses location to underline the destructiveness of industrialization and the precariousness of human survivors after an apocalyptic war.

ART 101 MOD 3 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART 101 MOD 3 SLP - Essay Example Abstract method can be described as a matrix. Some identifiable common characteristics include: Keith Garrow, born in England in 1962 is a modern-day abstract artist. He graduated in Fine Art in Nottingham in 1987. His work primarily is heavily influenced by American Abstract Expressionists like Jackson Pollock gives equivalent importance to both the finished work itself as the expressive, creative process behind it. Despite the ambiguity synonymous to all abstract work, his composition stands out for me since the abstract forms can be clearly seen in the final work and evokes different reactions and meanings to different people. The abstract forms revolve between abstraction and figuration, providing to the observer a launch pad for their imagination to tap into deeply buried personal past events as well as emotional resonance. This piece immediately captured my attention. In the painting, I perceive two persons, a pool and a snake. Viewing the painting horizontally from left to right and imposing some sense of geography in the same order, you can see the snake with its fangs widely stretched Spitting blue-like poison. Slightly above and below the pool is a boy. The painting draws to mind events of the unfortunate pool incident that cost the life of my beloved childhood friend, John. Ten years ago, on a sunny Sunday afternoon, while swimming, as was our tradition, John bizarrely started oozing blood from his nose. The pathologist was later to affirm that he died of an acute heart attack caused by rupture of the heart’s wall. I remember vividly how I had vowed not to lose the lap race and was so consumed with this, as not to notice when john almost 3/4 pool length ahead of me was struggling. The red anvil like object almost intuitively takes the form of my selfishness, and how it lies above the head of the boy pain-strikingly evidence of my guilt for losing him. Can you spot me, the white girl doing a stroke? I have

Results presentation and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Results presentation and discussion - Essay Example However, the difference in the distance travelled by the 3 phages shows that type IV PILI is needed for infection. PAO1 travelled the greatest distance close to 2.5 cm while CHA (27641) travelled the least distance. In order to determine if the results (distances moved) obtained in the laboratory correlates or relate to what other researchers have found in the past, one sample T-Test was used. The output results below (table 2) show that the p value is less than 0.05. This means that there is a statistically significant difference between the value obtained in the previous researches and the one got in this study. The spot assay was done to establish whether one phage is more infective than another. This is in terms of a broader host range. Basing on the table 2 below, it is observed that Phage 2 and 3 infect closely the same strains of P. aeruginosa. The strains infected by the two are PAO1, PAK, AA2, AA43, AMT0060.1, CHA (27641), IST27N, and AMT0060.3. Phage 4 is different in the strains it infects which could be caused by a difference in its progeny as compared to phages 1 & 2 therefore giving it a disadvantage. The presence of a spot in the spot assay showed that the phage can infect the P. aeruginosastrain by horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, from the results, phage 2 and 3 had a higher infective power. Strains that include IST27MUC NN2 AND AMT0023-30 are resistant to all the three phages. This is mainly due to their genome which makes them resistant to the infection. The source of the strain is also significant in determining its properties and whether it will be infected. The strain s from children are more susceptible to infection compared to that from adults (Burns et al. 2000). According to figure 1 above, it is observed that phage3 has a greater infective power, followed by phage2 and phage 4 has the least infective power. It is also seen that Phage 2 has 53%, phage 3 has 73 % and phage 4 has 33%. Plaque assays

Islamic finance RM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic finance RM - Coursework Example The unique consideration concerning credit risk in Islamic banking are current account is considered as more stable source of credit financing since it constitutes largest percentages of the finances. The five years maturity period of ijarah Sukuk is considered as the unstable fund since it takes long time for its maturity. Mudarabah, Musharakah, Qard and Ijarah are working together in the Islamic banks. Musharakah cannot perform its function without Mudarabah and it cannot work in the absence of Qard, therefore they are expected to work together. Oversight by board and management: IIFS is expected to possess a comprehensive risk management process which includes the senior management oversight for controlling the different types of credit risks. 3. Credit risk weighting for the Islamic finance institution can be explained as 400% risk weighted is applied in case of all commercial and private enterprises and 300% of risk weighted funds on Mudarabah basis for withdrawal by the investor during the short notice period. It is useful since it acts as a pledge of assets as collateral, it provides guarantee to the third party and leased assets. 1. The Rate of Return Risk mainly manages the maturities and re- pricing opportunities of the assets and liabilities of the banks. IIFS are mainly exposed to Rate of Return Risk associated with overall balance sheet exposures. It ensures that it can understand the characteristics of their balance sheet position and different currencies jurisdictions. IIFS adopts balance sheet techniques for minimizing the exposures using the strategy which includes determining the future profit ratio, developing new Shariah instrument, expectation for fulfilling the market condition and issuing securitization. Rate of Return Risk focuses on sensitive gap management for reducing the risk and minimizing the gap between maturities of

Bargaining Goals, Bargaining Processes, and Bargaining Outcomes Term Paper

Bargaining Goals, Bargaining Processes, and Bargaining Outcomes - Term Paper Example The first declaration was made on 16th February, 2005 by the commissioner of the National Hockey League, Gary Bettman. Abandonment of the season of NHL due to a dispute happening out of a disagreement on collective bargaining amid the owners of the league and the union of players’ was stated (Chan & Et. Al., â€Å"The NHL Lockout†). The sport of hockey was always on a remote fourth when it came to the extent of popularity in contrast with the other major sports’ league of the nation. It was predicted that due to the cancellation of the season, it will push away the league from the screen of the radar. The damage due to the lockout not only affected the business partners and the fans but also the huge number of people who earned their livelihoods from the industry (ESPN, â€Å"Lockout Over Salary Cap Shuts Down NHL†). Therefore, in this study the causes and the outcomes of the lockout will be investigated in details. About NHL The National Hockey League sta rted to be played from the year 1917. The NHL was structured in Canada 30 years prior to 1917. The NHL was successful in creating itself to be the leading hockey league in North America and began expanding in 1967 by adding more teams to its ‘Original Six’ and they were Chicago, Montreal, Detroit, Boston, Toronto and New York. Presently, the NHL includes 30 teams out of which most are in the United States and the rest are in Canada. The NHL was counted among the four most important sports leagues of America which included the National Football League (NFL), the Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Although being in the most important leagues of America, the sport of hockey always ranked fourth in popularity. This was partially because of the fact that the other three games i.e. baseball, football and basketball had an extensive appeal, the sport of hockey had mostly niche audience. Majority of the hockey fans were found in the northern Un ited States and in Canada. This was because of the cold climate that facilitated developing an attention in ice hockey. The uniqueness of the sport of hockey appeals more to its reactionary fans compared to the public in general. For instance, it is only in the sport of hockey where it is legitimate for the players to fight with one another throughout the game. It was however argued by the reactionary fans that fighting was an element of entertainment and necessity in the game whereas the casual spectators were shocked by it. Efforts were made to lessen the violence in the NHL in attempt to make it more appealing to the general public. This endeavor proved to be unsuccessful as it was not only futile in attracting new viewers but also incurred loss on loyal fan-following of NHL. This and a range of other different reasons declined the popularity of the game in the current years. The networks of television after becoming aware of the meager ratings with regard to televised hockey red uced the shows of the game to the extent where the sport had become nearly immaterial. Thus, the reaction in general to the news of lockout was a combination of unresponsiveness and acceptance (Chan & Et. Al., â€Å"The NHL Lockout†). The Lockout of 2004-05 The NHL encountered the first lockout prior to the season of 1994-95. The disagreement was however settled and an agreement of collective

An Interview with a Local Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An Interview with a Local Entrepreneur - Essay Example Owing to ethical reasons, animosity has been maintained about the person, and hence his real name has not been used here and is replaced by Jimmy Ferris. But his story of coming into the business and being successful is worth telling. The story shares the difficulty that a person faces in his life, yet moves on to fulfill his dreams. It was truly a beautiful experience to have a chat with him and know about his journey through the business. This may also inspire new ideas, which are waiting to get explored. In today’s world, new and budding entrepreneurs are coming up with vibrant new ideas which are worth noting and considering. This is, however just one story among many. Hackensack is a city in New Jersey in the United States having a population of around forty-five thousand. There are several small businesses in this city which covers different industries, including marketing, agriculture, healthcare, housing, insurance, information technology, manufacturing, and other publ ic sectors. Each business has its own story behind it about the role that an entrepreneur plays, and thus each has a different success story. The story narrated here is that of Mr. Jimmy Ferris (name changed) who was born in London in June 1976 in a family that had histories of business starters. His father was involved in an import-export business and made huge money at one point of time. Jimmy, from his very childhood, was very interested in medicines and so wanted to take up a career in that industry. He also completed his medical studies from a known medical college in New Jersey. Being a very good student, he successfully completed his course and joined a medical college as a junior doctor. When he talked about how he started up his own pharmacy, a story that Jimmy shared was quite challenging. By the time Jimmy was doing well in the medical college where he was serving as a junior doctor, his father’s business started deteriorating with respect to the market conditions and other dealership problems. The markets were becoming vulnerable and his business started failing, which led to severe losses to his company. Ultimately, the business had to be terminated. This affected their lives heavily as the family’s expenses were mainly covered by the income from the business. Jimmy, too, had just started his career, the income from which was not sufficient enough to support his family entirely. All this together had created a situational crisis for the entire family. Jimmy’s father could not take up the shock of loss and failure in his business and suffered a massive heart attack, which led him to bed rest for a long period of time, and according to the doctors, he was not supposed to involve in any kind of stress taking job, if he had to stay well. So, it was clear for their entire family that the man was no more in a position to conceptualize any new business which might hurt his health. Around the end of year 2009, Jimmy started thinking o f starting something of his own. He had to support his family. His father was ill, and his mother was trying to support the family by taking up a small job in a fashion garment store. Thus, it was a huge responsibility on Jimmy to take up the lead for the welfare of his family. Jimmy shared his reasons why he chose to start up a pharmacy store or a business in this industry and not anything else. From his childhood, Jimmy always loved to serve ill and sick people. This was also the reason

Anticoagulation Therapy for Stroke Prevention Case Study

Anticoagulation Therapy for Stroke Prevention - Case Study Example Most anticoagulants are associated with adverse drug reactions, concerns for their duration of action, bleeding risk, and the need to carry out monitoring while adjusting dosages during the treatment period. Therefore, selection of appropriate anticoagulant for preventing Atrial Fibrillation must ensure that the practitioner considers these factors. From a therapeutic perspective, reports show that Warfarin is the first line anticoagulant for patients with Atrial Fibrillation (Nice guideline 2012), especially when the condition is primary or severe because it curbs the development of stroke. Besides, reports show that oral administration has had long-term safety for the past 50 years (AABB, 2014). In addition to that, its effect can be reversed with vitamin k antidote in case of bleeding (AABB, 2014). Moreover, warfarin has reduced rates of major gastrointestinal bleeding and myocardial infarction comparing with the novel oral anticoagulants (NHS Information Centre, 2014). Despite it s complete absorption after oral administration, Warfarin is slow acting anticoagulant with a long half-life. Its two active enantiomers (R and S forms) have different therapeutic potency, metabolism, and clearance pathways (Hirsh, 2003). Besides, it has a delayed anticoagulant effect from two to 3 days while its duration of action continues for 2 to 5 days after a single dose administration. However, dosing of Warfarin can be described as complicated; this is due to its interaction with some foods containing vitamin K.

Skills of Tourism graduates Essay Example for Free

Skills of Tourism graduates Essay The primary objective of this study is to determine the employability skills of Tourism graduates from the year 2005 to 2009 of University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Molino such as Communication Skills, Human Relation Skills, Technical Skills, Management Skills, Research Skills and Leadership Skills. The study is anchored in the theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert who stated that employability is supply and demand. The Descriptive research design was utilized to analyze and delineate the current work abilities of the BST graduates. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine if significant difference exist in the employability skills of Tourism graduates in relation to their year of graduation. The study revealed that there were significant differences in the employability skills of the Tourism graduates when they are grouped according to year graduated. The differences among the batches can be accounted from the variable factors and circumstances during the period of their study. Hence, from the results, the institution can improve the quality of teaching by bringing students outside the classroom setting, hiring faculty who are equipped with background and experience in the tourism industry and related jobs, and the University should extend utmost effort to provide facilities of the tourism college Introduction The University of Perpetual Help System DALTA (UPHSD) – Molino Campus, College of International and Hospitality Management is committed to providing quality education by offering a wide range of theoretical, practical knowledge and skills through various aspects of hospitality management which is necessary to every student in becoming competent individuals of society. The college offers study programs such as Bachelor of Science major in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM), Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Management (ASHRM) and Bachelor of Science in Tourism (BST). The Bachelor of Science in Tourism is a discipline that provides a wide array of experiences that leads to the understanding of history, customs, traditions, values and culture of different places both here and abroad. Further, the BS Tourism program includes a course on Tour guiding, Foreign language, Tourist destination marketing, Thesis writing, Tourism Planning and Development, Personal Development and Public Relation, Cruise management, Travel Agency Management and Operation, Principles of Tourism with Tourism Laws, Philippine Tourism: Geography and Culture, World Tourism: Geography and Culture, Principles of Management, Front Office Management, and Convention and Recreation Management. These are the courses being taught to the students to gain the employability skills of tou rism such as the Communication skill, Human relation skill, Tour guiding skill, Management Skill, Research Skill and Leadership skill. Student capabilities as used in this study refer to abilities learned in the four corners of the classroom preparing graduates for employment as they step out of the portals of their alma mater. Such skills result in better employability of graduates. According to Hind and Moss (2011), employability is a person’s capability to gain and maintain employment. Further, it depends on the knowledge, skills and abilities possessed by the latter. Employability of graduates therefore depends on the trainings they attended from first year to their graduation. According to Walker (2006), tourism as career is a dynamic, evolving and consumer – driven force it is also the world’s largest industry or collection of industries. When all its interrelated components are placed under one umbrella: tourism, travel, lodging, conventions, expositions, meetings, events; restaurants, managed services: assembly, destination and event management, and recreation. Walker also said that tourism plays a foundational role in framing the various services that hospitality companies perform. In the past five years, the UPHSD – Molino has produced number of graduates that have eventually joined tourism industry works in the tourism industry. Their work is crucial in creating appreciation of the beauty of the world; therefore, these graduates need certain skills and knowledge in order to be considered assets to tourism establishments and maintain employability. The study provides documentary analysis about the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 – 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus to meet the demands of the industry of the new century. Further, responses from graduates concerning various issues related to teaching and learning were also considered. Such information is essential to assist the University in planning and determining factors linked to student learning, curriculum design, and improvement of services provided by UPHSD. Therefore the researchers opted to conduct a study about the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 – 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus. Specifically it aims to determine the capabilities, knowledge, and skills possessed by graduates in finding and maintaining work. The study is anchored in the theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert (2001). According to Gazier, employability attempts to influence the â€Å"supply† side of the labo r market, that is, the workers and their productive capacities and performance, while the â€Å"demand† side is made up of the companies’ requirement. This theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert (2001) guided the researchers in the research because it gives an idea that employability is supply and demand where in the University produces supply to the Tourism industry yet the â€Å"product†; graduates should meet the demand of the Tourism industry. The researchers believe that to be able to market the graduates, the supply must possess communication skills, human relation, tour guiding skills, management skills, research skills and leadership skills. These skills are crucial to meet the demand of the industry to further promote employability. IMPROVEMENT EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Figure 1 shows that employability is dependent variable from graduates’ skills and the improvement of the university in terms of Curriculum design, services offered by the University and hiring faculty. In relation to the study, the graduates should focus on enhancing both students’ skills and their facilities to have a high employment opportunity. To determine the target respondents for the study, the researchers used the list of graduates. The researchers analyzed the aforesaid skills using Mean, Percentage, ANOVA and Frequency Distribution to determine if significant differences exist in the employability skills of Tourism graduates in relation to their civil status, gender, and year of graduation. The study focused on the BS Tourism Graduates of University of Perpetual Help System DALTA- Molino Campus from year 2005-2009. The respondents were only 25 graduates of tourism from 2005-2009 1. Descriptive Research 2. Researcher –made Questionnaire 3. Statistical Treatment * Frequency * Percentage * Mean * ANOVA Improvements of: -Curriculum Design -Services offered by the University -Hiring Faculty 1. Profile of the Respondents * Civil Status * Gender * Year Graduated * Employment Status * Employed * Unemployed * Nature of Work * Airline * Travel Agency * Cruise ship * Front Office (Hotel) * Hospitality Related Jobs ( Tourism Officer, Casino, Event Organizing) * Others 2. Skills * Communication Skills * Human Relation Skills * Technical Skills * Management Skills * Research Skills * Leadership Skills INPUTProcess OUTPUT Figure 2 Operational Framework Figure 2 above shows that the study will use the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of civil status, gender, nature of work, year of graduation, employment status, and employability skills of the graduate of BST from 2005 – 2009. Such data will be the inputs for the study. A questionnaire developed by the researchers will be used as research instrument. Statistical treatment in the form of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and ANOVA will be applied to process and interpret the collected data. The inputs and process described above will assist the University in planning and determining factors linked to students learning, curriculum design, and improvement of services provided by UPHSD. This study aims to determine the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 – 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus. METHODS The study covered the Graduates of BS-Tourism Students of batch 2005 – 2009 from University of Perpetual Help System – DALTA Molino Campus as respondents of study which is compose of 25 students. To collect/gather the names of the graduates as well as their contact numbers and addresses to get the total population needed for the study, the researchers sought permission from the office of Student Personnel Service. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondent. The researchers used a descriptive quantitative design for this research After the researchers gathered the list needed for the research, they distributed and administered the questionnaires to the respondents through social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and email and researchers also reached them with their contact numbers. Further, the researchers also conducted field work (i.e., home visits) to reach the graduate and completed the data gathering for the period of 5 months. Data we re tabulated after the retrieval and brought to a statistician for statistical treatment, after which the researchers interpreted the result to give recommendation. There are more female graduates of tourism. The dominance of female students in the Tourism programme in this study is in line with a previous study on study motivations in Korea, Taiwan, and China (Kim, et al., 2007), indicating the popularity of hospitality and tourism Management among female students in Asian countries. 1.2 Civil Status; Almost all of the respondents are still single, which implies that if not for personal reasons, the quality and the demand of their current job kept them unmarried. In a book entitled â€Å"Introduction to Hospitality Operations† by Walker 2009, the WTO (World Tourism Association) has declared that tourism industry work is very demanding; it is a 24hour-a day, 7-day-week, 52-week-a-year economic driver. 1.3 Year Graduated Most of the respondents are graduates of Batch 2008-2009. Respondents that graduated earlier from the UPHSD-Molino are less accessible than those who graduated recently, which can be attributed to the demands or location of their jobs as those who have graduated earlier tend be more established in their jobs. 1.4 Employment Status? Most of the respondents are already employed. This indicates the high employability of the graduates of UPHSD-Molino. The program BS Tourism offered by the UPHSD- Molino provides many opportunities for graduates to work in various professions in different sectors such as restaurants, resorts, air and cruise lines, theme parks, and casinos. 1.5 Nature of Work It can be gleaned from the table 1.5 that 88% are employed in work aligned with their course. This indicates that he graduates are generally qualified to jobs aligned or closely aligned with their course, while the 8% are employed to other industry such as in business sector. The remaining 4% is a respondent who resigned from her work, which was inclined to tourism industry, and now focusing on her family. As stated above, the tourism program provides many opportunities for employment, which includes land, air and sea-based work. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS College of International and Hospitality Management is committed to providing quality education by offering a wide range of theoretical and practical knowledge and skills through various aspects of hospitality management which is necessary to every student in becoming competent individuals of society. The above discussion has evaluated the skills of tourism students who graduated from the UPHSD -Molino, particularly, their technical, managerial, research, leadership, human relation, and communication skills. The null hypothesis, in which the researchers assumed no significant difference in the employability skills of the respondents, was rejected. The graduates of each batch rated themselves differently on various skills because of the different situations and factors that affected them during their study. According to the summary of data on different employability skills of tourism graduates, the researchers found significant differences in the employability skills of the respondents. In their analysis, the researchers gleaned that Tourism graduates have strong potential for employment as they have acquired the necessary tourism skills. Along with the Tourism skills, the institution can improve the quality of teaching by bringing students outside the classroom setting such as seminars, hotel and airline familiarizations, tour guiding competition and other tourism-related activities for them to fully experience and understand their field. Because the researchers believe that learning never stops in the four walls of the classroom itself instead they need to be exposed. Hiring faculty who are equipped with background and experience in the tourism industry and related jobs, such as those employed in tourism bureaus in government or tourism-related businesses, and those who have experience in organizing events/programs and activities. Certificates of accreditation from the DOT and other organizations such as TESDA on tour guiding, travel management, and so on would help instructors in molding and developing students as better tourism industry professionals with high employability. Faculty with tourism industry experience can share more of their familiarity with the industry that is not purely textbook-dependent. In terms of technical skills, revealed as a weakness among the graduates, the University should extend utmost effort to provide facilities of the tourism college such as ticketing office with systems of Fidelio, Abacus, and Amadeus. Offer different language course in every year for them to be globally competitive. REFERENCES Claire Rees, Peter Forbes and Bianca Kubler Student Employability Profiles: A Guide for Higher Education Practitioners Communication Skills http://www.communicationskills.com.in/definition-of-communication- skills.htm Final pre – proof draft of Harvey, L., 2001, â€Å"Defining and Measuring Employability†, Quality in Higher Education 7 (2), pp. 97 – 110 Lamberton and Minor (2010)http://wiki.answer.com/Q/whatishumanrelations Lomax, R.G. (2007) Statistical Concepts: A Second Course ISBN Management Skills www. buzzle.com/articles/management-skill Planet Philippines by Pepper Marcelo (March 30, 2011)After College, Now What? Planet Philippines Leandro Milan (January 23, 2010) Migration: Oversupply of Unemployable Graduates The Higher Education Academy Graduate Impact, Student Employability and Academic Integrity University of Glasgow: Employer’s Perception of the Employability Skills of New Graduates www. kent.ac.uk/careers/docs/graduate-employability-skills%202011.pdf Weinert, P., Baukens, M., et. Al (2001) Employability: From Theory and Practice, Transaction

Genetic Screening: Types of Tests and Applications

Genetic Screening: Types of Tests and Applications GENETIC SCREENING AOUDUMBARI B.DESAI What is Genetic Screening? Genetic screening is a process in which DNA is tested to check if a person has any genetic indicators of diseases. It can also be defined as an experimental technique used for identification and selection of individual who possess phenotype of our interest in a mutangenized population. Thus genetic screening can also be called as phenotypic screening. It helps us to provide a better insight of functioning of gene in an individual. It has got applications in various genome project. The functioning of gene can be well determined by Forward genetic screen or Reverse genetic screen. Forward genetic screening first approaches towards the phenotype and then moves towards identifying genes i.e, genes responsible for a particular phenotype in an individual is identified. Whereas in reverse genetic screen it starts with gene or set of genes and moves towards analyzing the resultant phenotype by assaying its effect of disruption. A defined genetic background of organism being used and constant experimental procedure for identification of mutants of interest are the two key component of successful forward genetic screening. Define genetic background helps to identify and locate affected genes in mutant individual with greater efficiency (Herman .R.K, et al.,2005). Many a times genetic screening and genetic testing are considered to be a common terms, however there is difference between genetic screening and testing. Genetic screening is a technique in which set of diagnostics test are used on large number of individuals to test these individuals who are at high risk of genetic disorders and are the carriers of that specific genes, whereas genetic testing uses different laboratory test to identify the genetic status of individual. The individuals who are already suspected to be at a higher risks for a particular genetic disorder undergo the genetic testing. It is based on medical history of family or on screening tests. But the similarity between both the test is both of them undergo laboratory tests to identify the presence of specific genes which may cause genetic disorders. Genetic screening is a term that is also encountered in prenatal screening with pregnant women. Many researcher do screening on a broad spectrum in large number of people to find potential for genetic diseases. Nowadays genetic screening is also used by health insurance companies to screen the people for genetic disorders and avoid paying extra money. Genetic screening also include newborn genetic screening to identify new born who would benefit from early treatment. Reproductive genetic screening is also done to help reproductive decision making, and in this family history of the patient is checked to identify individuals who would get added benefit from additional prevention measure. Types of screening variation There are different screening variations which are used to identify genes that cause a mutants in phenotype of interest. Some of them are as follows : Enhancer Enhancer screening is used to screen an mutant individual with known genetic mutation. It can further be used to screen an individual with additional gene mutations that has its major role in biological and physiological processes. It is the mutation in one genes that causes the intensification of phenotype resulted due to mutation in another gene. The genetic enhancer screening identifies a mutations which enhance aphenotype of interest in already mutant individual. Source http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_geneticenhancers/geneticenhancers.html Synthetic interaction betweenmec-8andsym-3.(A) Themec-8; sym-3double mutant has a highly penetrant defect: the anterior tip (arrow) of the pharynx is not properly joined to the anterior tip of the body (arrowhead), and a functional mouth is not formedThe mutants also have a bulbous nose, an enlargement of the anterior-most part of the body, which is particularly evident in the example shown here. The junction of the pharynx and anterior end of the body is normal in thesym-3single mutant (B) and in themec-8single mutant (C). Suppresor It is used to identify the suppressor mutations. Suppressor mutations revert the original mutations. It can be defined as the one which suppresses the phenotype of original mutations and are the another mutations on the site of chromosome which are distinct from the mutation under study. It has an intragenic suppression and extragenic suppression. Intragenic suppression is the one in which mutation is in same gene as in original mutation.whereas if there is a mutation in different gene then it is called as extragenic suppression or intergenic suppression. Temperature sensitive It is a type of screening technique which involves performing temperature shifts to enhance a mutant shift. The organism grown at a lower temperature will have normal phenotype whereas at higher temperature the mutation in that particular gene will make it unstable. For example Lee Hartwell and Paul nurse independently carried out temperature sensitive screening to identify mutants defective in cell cycle S.cerevisiae and S.pombe. Types of Genetic Screening : Presymptomatic screening Carrier screening parental screening, newborn screening, carrier screening, forensic screening and susceptibility screening. Presymptomatic screening is used to screen the patients whose health is in danger. Carrier screening is used to carry out the analysis of individuals with a gene or a chromosome abnormality that may cause problems either for offspring or the person screened.it is carried out in healthy individuals where there can be a risk of genes harmful to offsprings or future generation. This can be done by testing of blood or tissue samples and can show the presence of a particular genetic trait, changes in chromosomes, or changes in DNA that are associated with inherited diseases in asymptomatic individuals. For example carrier screening is done for sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, Huntingtons disease, and neurofibromatosis. Prenatal screening is carried out in a fetus when it is at risk for various identifiable genetic diseases or traits. It began in 1966. Newborn screening is related with the analysis of blood or tissue samples taken in early infancy in order to detect genetic diseases for which early intervention can avert serious health problems or death. Newborn screening was started in 1960 with the ability to test newborns for a rare metabolic disease, phenylketonuria (PKU). Two other examples of newborn screening are the testing of African American infants for sickle cell anemia and Ashkenazic Jews for Tay-Sachs disease. Forensic screening is used in criminal investigations it is used to to discover a genetic linkage between suspects and evidence discovered in criminal investigations. As DNA of each and every person is unique, many people are reluctant to see such information become part of any national database, which might include information not only about identity but also about proclivity toward disease or behavior. Susceptibility screening is a technique which is used to screen a selected population for genetic susceptibility to environmental hazards. It helps in the identification of workers who may be susceptible to toxic substances that are found in their workplace and may cause future disabilities. Types and Uses of Genetic Tests Source :- Norrgard.K., 2008 http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/medical-careers-genetic-screening-and-diagnostics-639 Purpose of genetic screening Genetic screening acts as an important tool in modern preventive medicine. It is used to confirm the diagnosis in patients with symptoms. Genetic screening also helps to advise other family members of the diagnosed patient to detect whether they also have the disease or have genetic markers for the disease even if they dont have symptoms ,and also to check whether they are carriers or are neither. It also helps in detecting when one partner is a sufferer or carrier, to test the other partner in order to advise whether their child will have the disease, be a carrier or will not have the disease. If diseases observed in both the parents, the child must inherit the disease or the genetic markers for the disease. It may happen that one parent has the disease and the other partner also has the genetic markers for it but there are no symptoms for it, therefore the child may develop the disease or alternatively may not show any symptoms during its lifetime. If one parent has the disease and the other is a carrier, in each pregnancy there is a 50:50 chance of the child inheriting the disease. In the population, screening is carried out to discover undiagnosed sufferers or those with genetic markers for the disease, to discover carriers and to aid research into the prevalence and severity of the disease and the carrier ratio. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening, enhanced MSAFP, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS),fetal biopsy and fetal cell sorting are some of the genetic screening tests which are currently available for pregnant women. MSAFP is a blood-screening test. It is performed at the 16-18 week gestation date and it tests for spina bifida. Enhanced MSAFP is also a similar type of blood-screening test that measures levels of certain biochemical markers to test for the presence of Downs syndrome. But the only thing is that this test only has an accuracy of 60-65%. Amniocentesis is performed at the 16-18 week of gestation. Amniocentesis uses amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal abnormalities. It is also used to find biochemical abnormalities at the genetic level, it helps in detecting up to 180 genetic disorders. CVS i.e, chorionic villus sampling screening is performed at 10-12 weeks into gestation and it uses chorion tissue f or chromosomal analysis in biochemical and DNA studies. It is not widely used because this test has a drawback of correlation to produce newborns with limb abnormalities. ).Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, PUBS is performed after week 18 . PUBS is used only as a confirmation test based on results from previous other tests. In fetal tissues are taken for DNA testing . Fetal cell sorting includes an experimental procedure in whcich blood is taken from mother and fetal cells are tested in mothers blood. Oberle,I. D. Camerino.G, 1985 carried out genetic screening for hemophilia A(classic hemophilia) with polymorphic DNA probe. They collected blood samples after informed consent from13 families and carried out coagulation and immunologic assay. In this experiment they develop a new technique to screen the patients for hemophiliaA in the families at risk for the disease. A DNA probe (St14) that detects a very polymorphic region on the human X chromosome has been shown to be closely linked to hemophilia A. They observed that there was no recombination between the St14 locus and hemophilia A in 12 families studied. The odds in favor of linkage are 4.4 x 109to 1 (lod score, 9.65). They found that there was 0 to 6.5% probability of the 95 per cent confidence interval of a recombination between St14 and hemophilia A. This informative DNA probe which causes families in risk of hemophilia A in more than 90 per cent, can be used in conjunction with classic biologic assays to identify carriers with an accuracy of 96 per cent or more. If a small risk of misclassification due to crossover between the test and the disease loci is accepted, this DNA marker should allow first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A. Segregation analysis with St14 may thus represent a major improvement in genetic counseling for hemophilia A. Social dilemmas of genetic screening Though genetic screening is beneficial to society it has a got lot of controversies because by using genetic marker to check for genetic disorders is definitely beneficial to society because due to early diagnosis a preventive symptom treatment can be given by early medical assisantnce but however many a times it is observed that if a genetic disorder is detected in fetus then fetus is readily aborted. So here a controversy comes because no one has got right to end anyones life. Also many a times it happens that individuals carrying a genetic disorder or diseases are being discriminated by society or by health insurers and employers. Hence this genetic screening has brought up a new legal, social and ethical dilemmas. References Karthikeyan. M.1999, Human Genetic Screening, http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/karthikeyan.htm Norrgard.K., 2008, Medical Careers: Genetic Screening and Diagnostics, Nature Education1(1): pg no- 92 http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/medical-careers-genetic-screening-and-diagnostics-639 Burke.W., et al., 2011, Genetic Screening , Epidemologic reviews Oxford journal 33(1): pg no- 148–164Â  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166195

Analysing The Impact Of Terrorism On Kenya Tourism Essay

Analysing The Impact Of Terrorism On Kenya Tourism Essay The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Likewise, as terrorism against tourists often involves international citizens, international terrorism is defined as terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. WHY DO TERRORISTS TARGET KENYA? Geographic location, poverty and unstable neighbours are some key elements that have contributed to past terrorist attacks faced by Kenya. Kenyas unique geographic location acts as a passageway from the Middle East and South Asia to East Africa and beyond. Therefore, Kenya had to cater for the many activities that would now exist because of this pathway so an extensive seaport was constructed as well as two international airports, one in Mombassa and one in Nairobi along with rail, road and communication infrastructure. With these additions, travel and entry into and around Kenya is quite easy and usually obscure due to its penetrable borders coupled with its surrounding neighbours and unmonitored coastline. In particular, the Arabs in Kenya that occupy the coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both share a common religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to blend into the community. For these reasons, Kenya is a preferred choice for terrorist to strike. DISCUSSION ON TERRORISMS IMPACT ON THE HOSPITALITY TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA (25 MARKS) Tourism, one of the foundation blocks of Kenyas economy, constitutes 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has been adversely affected by the repercussions of terrorism. Firstly, the influx of tourist to Kenya can be estimated to over 500,000 visitors each year. Europe and the United States of America (USA) represent Kenyas traveller generating region with 70% of the market being Europeans (Switzerland, Italy, Belgium France and Britain account for the bulk of tourists). In addition, visitors come from Japan, Asia, Scandinavia, and other African countries. USA, Germany, Great Britain and some other countries, upon receiving the news about the terrorist attacks on Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, immediately issued travel advisories to their citizens and imposed travel bans to refrain travel to Kenya as it was deemed unsafe. Moreover, the extensive media coverage of the attacks particularly focused on Kenyas vulnerability to terrorism severely tarnished its image. These responses lead to a decline in travel to Kenya and some neighboring countries as travelers feared the spillover of the terrorist attacks. For example, tourism businesses were terribly affected by the travel warnings. Tourism brought in US $500 million in annual revenue and was losing at least $1 million everyday due to the decline in tourism. ( ) Consequently, Kenyas tourism industry was paralyzed. Kenya suffered a decrease in tourist arrivals. This had a ripple effect on all sectors of the industry. The cancellation of leisure trips and business conferences were rapidly on the rise. Kenyas reputation plummeted and this lead to the loss of its competitive value. Kenya was no longer an option to be considered for vacation or investment. Tourism catered to the employment of 500, 000 Kenyans ranging from tour operators, tour guides, travel agencies, safari driver, dancers, hoteliers, restaurateurs, small business operators to airport and airline personnel. Subsequently, there was a significant increase in unemployment as many Kenyans lost their jobs. Employees that were still employed received salary cuts. For instance, at the Carnivore restaurant; all of the 330 staff had their salaries reduced, including Dunford the chairman (National Geographic 2010). The bombing of the US Embassy had a massive impact on Kenyas infrastructure. The Embassy was stationed at the crossroads of two streets in Nairobi, adjacent to the Ufundi Building and the Co op Bank Building. The explosion destroyed these three buildings and other buildings and amenities within a two to three block radius.( ) The rubble consisted of broken glass from windows, window frames, furniture and fixtures, concrete block walls, cars, buses, electric poles, street lights and the list goes on. The transportation sector within Kenya suffered major setbacks as the streets were seriously damaged and likewise vehicles. Additional problems surfaced as resources (medical) were delayed as it was difficult to get in and around Nairobi. Access was restricted to rescue and emergency personnel. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, was known for its many tourist attractions but these business operations declined as a result of the bombing. With the loss of power and telecommunication, tour oper ators, travel agencies and hotels were unable to update their websites or communicate with potential visitors who would usually book their reservations, tours or tickets online. Another hindrance to Kenyas tourism industry in light of the terrorist attacks is the slump in foreign direct investment (FDI). Investors were inclined to nullify their FDI in Kenya due to some of the shocks felt by the terrorist attack such as the direct destruction of infrastructure, the rise of operating costs due to an increasing need of security measures, and the rise of recruiting costs due to missing incentives to work in terrorism prone regions. ( ). This further contributed to the loss of revenue specifically for tourism development initiatives. An important issue on the agenda of Kenyas government to combat terrorism is now the introduction of more security. The notion about safety is not confined to the citizens of Kenya alone but is extended to the tourist as well. For this purpose, government spending had to be diverted from productive investment designed to promote growth, eradicate poverty and sustain tourism development. ( ) Expenditure on high tech security equipment such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors and screening machines had to be implemented as strategies to counteract terrorism. Kenyas financial costs continued to escalate in aftermath of the terrorist attack as more funding was required for the cleanup, restoration and reconstruction of the infrastructure, buildings and other amenities destroyed in the blast including tourists facilities. As an illustration, Similarly, another expense incurred is that of extensive advertising to attract more and new tourists to Kenya. This strategy was employed to portray Kenya as a once again safe place and to neutralize the negative media attention received after the bombing. Apart from the above mentioned negative effects of terrorism on Kenyas tourism industry, some positive effects were identified. With the decrease in tourist arrivals to Kenya, domestic tourism was being promoted. Locals provided a portion of revenue needed to sustain some tourism businesses. Likewise, a new must see tourist attraction was developed. The August 7th Memorial Park was constructed on the site where the US Embassy was once situated. This memorial was built to commemorate the lives that were lost and represents a tribute to the courage of the several thousand others who have had to cope with permanent injury and/or the loss of loved ones. It is a place where people come to reflect, remember and relax. ( ) With regard to the Kenyas transit route region, terrorism is no exception. The airline industry was also hit hard after the terrorist attack on the US Embassy. Cancellation of flights Merging of airlines to survive Closure of some airlines Job cuts Loss of revenue Increase security surveillance Cruise ships no longer include Kenya on their route Increase cost of ticket to visit country with terrorism DISCUSSION ON KENYAS RESPONSE TO IMPACT OF TERRORISM (20 MARKS) There is a need for the development of an anti-terrorism legislation in Kenya: following the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Kenya the government recognized that there were no adequate measures in place to deal with such acts and therefore the need to develop and implement legislation to deal with terrorism was essential. According to Kenyas Counter Terrorism committee, the Government on two occasions made attempts to implement such laws with the Suppression of Terrorism Bill in 2003 and the Anti-Terrorism Bill in 2006 respectively. However, both bills failed to be introduced to parliament. (Google 2010) There is also a need for revamped management policies to be set in place for Kenyas border line and costal security control. (Google 2010) also stated that the need for heightened security is vital in these areas, for example: the border between Kenya and Somalia poses a great threat to Kenyan nationals and tourist due to fact that Somalia has been without a government of over sixteen years and is known to be politically unstable. This can be done by putting measures in place such as; heightened security checks for persons entering Kenya through Somalia, denial of entry for suspicious entrants and denial to unnecessary travelers especially during the peak tourist seasons. Proper execution of security in these areas may allow tourists to feel safer and therefore increase overall tourist visits to Kenya. The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the negative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the country by recreating a new image for the destination. Though terrorism would ultimately have a devastating impact on any country being affected, repositioning Kenya in the minds of tourists and other tourists destination by focusing on the positives rather than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the process of moving forward. An example of this is the use of the US Embassy bombing as a memorial site where locals and tourists can visit. There needs to be a crisis management portfolio that distinguishes terrorism from other forms of crisis. It should also outline in detail the measures that should be implemented before and after such a crisis. Then the portfolio should assist in painting a clear and clutter free process that should be followed after an act of terrorism to facilitate a timely recovery for Kenyas image. Because terrorism has so severely tarnished the image of Kenyas tourism product it is very crucial that only specified and highly qualified individuals should address the public and medias issues. Therefore, the portfolio will also outline all individuals that should be involved in this process with clearly defined roles and objectives. The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the negative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the country by creating a new image for the destination. Though terrorism would ultimately have a devastating impact on any country being affected, repositioning Kenya in the minds of tourists and other tourists destination by focusing on the positives rather than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the process of moving forward. An example of this is the use of the US Embassy bombing as a memorial site where locals and tourists can visit. With repositioning in mind the tourism board can also shift some of their attention to local tourist by packaging their offerings in such a way that would be attractive to the local population.

The Significance of the Last Stand :: History Historical essays

The Significance of the Last Stand I. Fictionalizing History Relating history of past to history of present [1] What do historians create with the history they account? History is a story that never ends. The events of the present in essence have already happened in the past. Historians try to make sense of the present by deconstructing the past. Only through analysis of the past can one understand the present. I remember playing cowboys and Indians as a child. I would always play the part of the cowboys, and consequently the cowboys always won. At the end of my day's adventure I went to my parents to tell them of my conquest against the Indians. I made certain to include every detail of the battle -- from first charge to last saber stroke. History was made that day in my backyard with the green figurine—soldier on horseback—whose defeat of the Indian nemesis forces was both courageous and honorable. [2] Past history is connected to the occurrences of the present. History repeats itself as present action gains significance from past events. President Clinton was recently impeached. To date he is the first President to receive this less-than-honorable acclaim. In my opinion, no critical repercussions resulted. The only reason why Clinton’s impeachment was important was because it was the first such instance in our nation’s history. If President Nixon had not resigned and had been impeached and removed from office, the importance of Clinton’s impeachment would have appeared far less important in retrospect. Because of the past history of our nation, the present history became significant. II. The Purpose of They Died With Their Boots On Recreation of American Cause 1876 [3] American film demonstrates history as narrative. The historical classic They Died With Their Boots On is a recreation of the history of General George Armstrong Custer’s life. This movie adds to the already prevalent myth of the Boy General. The movie was released in 1941, when Germany, under Adolf Hitler, had control of â€Å"Fortress Europe," and threatened to end democracy as the world knew it. The United States prepared to defend democracy in total war. American soldiers needed a cause to die for.

Polyethylene and Polyterephthalate are Outdated Essay -- Polymer PET P

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Outdated: Is the World Ready for a New Plastic? Abstract: This paper explains the structure of polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) also known as PET. It states the properties of the plastic as well recycling methods. My goal was to find out what makes PET the number one plastic, both in consumption as well as the most recycled. I also searched for new polymers that are being created by scientists and compare them to PET to see if there was a plastic out there that is better for the environment. I found a few alternatives that would be able to replace PET but aren’t being used. I also found a fire-proof polymer called BHDB which can replace the previously used polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), a plastic found in soda bottles, peanut butter jars, and even pillow and sleeping bag filling [1], is the most used and recycled plastic. As Americans we use about 2.5 million plastic bottles per hour. Most of this plastic that we are using, though, ends up not only in land fields but in oceans and other undesirable places, only a small portion of it is actually recycled. Plastic are long chains of polymeric molecules. Unlike paper or other compounds, plastics are commonly used for their qualities such as durability weight, processibility, cost, corrosion, and impact resistance. 2 The basic composition of polymers includes oil, coal and natural gas though recently they have been more petroleum-based[1]. About 140 million tons per year are produced and a lot of that ends up as waste in land fields [1]. There are many characteristics PET has that contribute to the popularity of this polymer. Among those characteristics are lightweight, low density, low cost, mechanical toughness, dura... ...e motivated and helping me make my paper the best it can be. Thanks to Ryan Dill for the title idea and lastly the girls of Room 303, without them I’d still be writing the first sentence of my paper. 7 Works Cited [1] â€Å"Biotechnology Advances† Volume 26, Issue 3. ScienceDirect May-June 2008: Pages 246-265. 24 July 2008. 1&_user=4421&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059598 &_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4421&md5=34933854b44913198526946dc2afce 96> [2] â€Å"PET.† 24 July 2008. [3] â€Å"How to Recycle PET.† KenPlas. 24 July 2008. [4] â€Å"New Enviro-Friendly Flame-Retardant Synthetic Polymer† Posted 31 May 2007. 24 July 2008.

Cosmic Creation Myths Across Cultures Paper Essay

For years, there have been some inquiries about how the world came to be. Included in those inquiries are who create the world and how human kind came to exist. To answer the unanswered, different cultures have their own version of how it was created. The creation myths explain the destruction that has or is going to happen. Different creation myths can also explain natural accident or the cosmic conditions. The different creation myths from different cultures all have similarities and difference in their level of creation, creators, cosmic elements, and creations. When it comes to the Navajo Legend, each song is a prayer to the Holy People who takes care of them. Ceremonies are taken place to help cure the sick and to help protect their herds, crops, families, and/or homes. During the ceremonies they sing songs which include a Blessingway Song. The song brings a blessing for a happy and long life. It I also used to bless new marriages. However, the Inca culture was directed by a great coordinated priesthood and engaged on honoring royal ancestors as well as gods. The priests relied on fortune-telling to answer all types of phenomenon’s, from analyzing sickness to deciding who’s innocence or guilty to figuring out what type of offering to give to which god. The Navajo legend includes three underworlds where crucial events happened to shape the fourth world which is the present. Their creators gave them the name Ni’hookaa Diyan Dinà © which means Holy Earth People. Today, the Navajo people just refer to themselves as Dinà © which means The People. The first world (black), which was called Nihodilhil, had four corners and above these appeared four clouds. The four clouds were also the elements of the first world and the colors were black, blue, white, and yellow. The second world (blue), Nihodootlizh, was created due to the battle in the Nihodilhil, the First Man (Atse Hastin), First Woman (Atse Estsan), and the Coyote called the First Angry crawled up from the World of Darkness and Dampness to Nihodootlizh. The third world (yellow), which was called Nihaltsoh, was founded by Blue Bird as he was the first to come through. After the Blue Bird, First Man, First Woman, and Coyote also came to Nihaltsoh. The fourth world (white), Nihalgai, founded by The Locust. The Locust saw that the world was covered with water that glittered and everything looked white. The others followed the Locust to the Nihalgai. The Navajo creator god, Dinà © BahaneÊ ¼, created First Man and First Woman and the twins got to this world, it was all covered with water. But winds came and blew the water off of some of the land, so people could live on it. Then First Man got help from the diyin dine (spirit people) to make all the things on earth. He had a sacred medicine bundle and he took out the things in the bundle one by one and sang to it, and so he turned it into a mountain, or a tree, or an animal, or a time of day, or something else. The Inca creator god, Viracocha, was believed to have had a special bond with the Inca king Pachacuti, who dreamed that the god helped his people gain victory in a war they were fighting. After winning the war, Pachacuti built a great temple to Viracocha at Cuzco. The temple contained a large solid gold statue of the god as a bearded man. According to Inca tradition, Viracocha had white skin, which explains why some of the Indians at first thought that the bearded, pale-skinned Spanish soldiers were representatives of their creator god. When it comes to the Navajo legend, there was the Great Flood. Coyote named took two Water Monster babies and brought on the flood by stealing from the Water Monster mother. First Man and First Woman brought them back through the passage and on to the bank. Coyote had also wrapped them in his skin coat with white fur lining. The Inca also had a Great Flood. In their legend, the great flood was used to wiped away the wicked and unruly people. During ancient time people were cruel and greedy and failed to pay proper attention to the gods. Then one day, two respectable brothers observed that their llamas were sad and acting abnormal. The llamas spoke to the brother and said, â€Å"A great flood is coming†. The brothers took their herds and families to the high caves. It rained for months, drowning the world below. Then one day the sun god Inti arose and with the warmth of his smile dried the earth. Reference http://bigmyth.com/myths/english/2_navajo_full.htm http://bigmyth.com/myths/english/2_inca_full.htm

Case Study: Tracey Essay

Transitioning to maturity flush toilet be stressful and challenging for all, plainly for those diagnosed with Autism Spectrum derange (ASD) and their treatgivers transitioning to adulthood can provoke skin senses of uncertainty or even fear. masses with ASD function at different levels and require varying degrees of care. There should be an various(prenominal)ise educational syllabus (IEP) established by age 16 containing postsecondary goals related to teach, education, booking, and unconditional alimenting skills along with the transition piddle needful to assist in stretch those goals referred to as individualized transition plan (ITP) (Heward, 2013). Defining the ineluctably of young adults with ASD should stir up through with listening to the individual and helping him or her plan for the life he or she urgencys. When establishing an ITP, goals in education/ genteelness, bet and separate invigoration emblem of support needed on a telephone circuit re sidential alternatives and treatments for any lookal problems should be inter lapse.Tracey is a twenty-one-year-old student diagnosed with ASD who can commit tighties with transitions and requires that her subprogram be inevitable. Traceys goals are to swear out college, work in an assurance and treat an apartment with a teach superstar when she graduates. Tracey reads at a second spirit level level and pass on need blanket(a) support from educators in prescribe to succeed her goal of receiving a postsecondary education. Traceys educational curriculum should use a usable skills approach that allow help her operate critical skills for use in home, friendship, school, and work settings (Snell & Brown, 2006). Tracey result complete a skilful raising program that depart take on information work conducts and business line skills that will be useful in an subroutine work environment. It will be native to coordinate colloquy between the school and community b ased service providers in order to identify potential employers. Tracey will sample different avocation tasks inwardly an office environment victorious expediency of her friendly disposition and ability to ascertain directions whenthey are paired with pictures to help her project the steps in completing more(prenominal) complicated tasks.Job tasks may take on office maintenance, de live(a)ring messages, sorting and organizing material, and twisting helper to other individualnel. Tracey is able to complete her chance(a) animated skills relatively in subordinately unless needs inciteers to choose admit enclothe and change her clothes on a regular basis. Her parents will provide authoritative reinforcement and implement a self-management handling plan to encourage Traceys sequester behaviors. Tracey is frequently impulsive which some whiles results in grabbing and even pushing another peer. An fundamental aspect of transitioning is to address challenging behaviors through the use of behavioral strategies. Tracey will armed service conflict resolution skills by pictureing to communicate her feelings and practicing relaxation techniques during stressful situations. In an effort to increase Traceys freedom she will enter the workforce date receiving appropriate training. As Tracey enters the workforce she will require supported employment because she has never been employed. She will be receiving functional skills training that will prepare her with specific line of reasoning skills required to work in an office as she desires.Heward (2009) indicates The individual placement stumper of supported employment consists of developing plays with employers in the community, systematically assessing clients job preferences, carefully placing employees in jobs they want, implementing intensive job site training and advocacy, building systems of natural supports on the job site, monitoring client performance, and taking a systematic approach to l ong-term job retention (p. 539). This type of supported employment is the best approach for Tracey because no twain people with ASD are a equivalent employment should capitalize on Traceys strengths, abilities and interests. In this type of employment Tracey will watch ongoing support services duration on the job from a job coach that will provide intensive on-site job training and support, which will be modified over m as she becomes more sure-fire at completing her job tasks. It is all-important(a) that the job coach gradually reduce the time spent providing direct training to Tracey in order to avoid disruptions in the workplace, custody Tracey from interacting with coworkers without disabilities and have Tracey become too dependent on the job coach safe move oning her from developing problem solving skills and taking responsibility for her own actions (Heward, 2013).Traceys training/support should focus on how to put down to and from work, scheduling, following operating instructions (supported by pictures), interactions with coworkers, gold management and self-advocacy. Traceys goal is to live in an apartment with a college friend. back up living is designed to foster an individuals integration to the community as he or she works toward his or her individualal goals. A supported living model is suited for Tracey because she has established rudimentary life skills and does not have meaningful levels of challenging behaviors only if still requires assistant in some areas. An apartment clunk houses people with disabilities while having another nigh apartment for a support psyche or staff member (Heward, 2013). This type of living arrangement will offer Tracey flexibility in the amount of support she receives. Again, support will be set as Tracey becomes more independent and legato with her everyday living skills. A day-by-day schedule will be provided for Tracey to remind her of things like hygiene routine, face-to-face care (picking a nd changing her clothes), and household chores.Heward (2013) suggests to facilitate well-disposed integration, people without disabilities may also touch some apartments in an apartment pack (p. 5450). Autism Living and Working (ALAW) provides supervised living with home ownership opportunities to adults with autism by cerebrate on each individuals personal preferences, strengths, deficits, and sensory-motor requirements, ALAW works to provide the needful residential accommodations and vocational supports to enable the person to participate more fully in work and life in the community (ALAW, 2014). All accommodations are specifically tailored to meet an individuals needs and preferences across their lifetime. What is most beneficial of programs like that offered by ALAW is the help-to-do rather than the do-for attitude, where Tracey can detain to watch out and develop new skills but most importantly she will realize consistency, structure, and predictability. Traceys impuls ivity must be addressed in order for her to be successful both in a professional person and a personal setting. Behavior problems serve as a form of communication that has a function in the person who displays it. When Tracey grabs or pushes another peer she can be seeking attention in order to express her frustration when something is no longer predictable.For example if Jane does not want to do what Tracey wants her to do she will push her getting the attention of others that willin turn interrupt or stop over the activity that is frustrating Tracey (creating a predictable event for Tracey). This consequence also serves as reinforcement, making the unwanted behavior stronger. Tracey will learn new ways to communicate her frustrations. In order to have Tracey ensure the consequences of her behavior (grabbing and pushing) she will need to view and recognize what triggers the behaviors, known as antecedents. An intervention strategy to help prevent the behavior from occurring can include avoiding large crowds, avoiding exposure to long delays, and allowing Tracey to take frequent breaks during difficult tasks. Tracey will also learn substitute behaviors like organizational skills that will keep her from becoming frustrated when faced with denary tasks and learn to control angry outbursts quite of grabbing or pushing she will learn to say stop and request a break.Those around Tracey will need to learn how to respond differently to Traceys behavior by redirecting her to another activity or prompting her to use an alternative skill, and providing corrective feedback. There will be a direct assessment used to necessitate behavior data in order to determine the effectiveness of the interventions. Tracey will be observed in her natural environment, including her work place, school and home. Antecedents, behaviors, and consequence patterns will be observed noting how frequent the behaviors occur, how long they blend and the intensity of the behavior. Observa tions will be do with current strategies and with new strategies to determine effectiveness. Transitioning to adulthood for youth with ASD presents unique challenges but with the appropriate support a better note of life can be achieved.It is important to include Tracey in the planning of her daily activities in order to increase predictability, to be specific when setting expectations for her at the outgrowth of each activity and to use pictures instructions to make her daily routines understandable. Peers and coworkers without disabilities may have concerns regarding how to treat Tracey or how to communicate in effect with her their concerns must be addresses with specific and absolve instructions regarding Traceys communication system. Those unspoiled her will be taught how to appropriately respond to Traceys unwanted behaviors. Not lonesome(prenominal) will having these skills make them feel more at ease around Tracey but it will also make them expensive assets in Traceys training and development. charge in mind Traceys personal goals ineducation/training, employment and living arrangements allows for an easier more successful transition into independent living specifically designed with her strengths and abilities in mind.ReferencesAutism Living and Working (ALAW). (2014). Self-determined housing. Retrieved from http//www.autismlivingworking.org/content/self-determined-housing Heward, W. L. (2013). especial(a) children An introduction to special education (10th ed.). hurrying Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education Snell, M. E. & Brown, F. (2006). control of Students with Severe Disabilities (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall

Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

intoxi thronetic pledgeic tipsiness profane is a signifier of substance ill- implement and plays an tremendous race in joined States navy blue sympathetic deaths. Although attempts be existenceness made to de-glamorize the us board and pace of fool sulleny in the navy, this dilemma still remains. alcoholic drinkic beverageic drink is voiced avail subject, readily accessible, and soci tot wholey(prenominal)y acceptable. It arouse be pitch at featuring events, catswelled headry reunions, cordial assemblages, eating houses and various jubilations. Bing soci exclusivelyy acceptable and effective, the scotch con marrow squashption of intoxi foott does non victuals the kindred societal stigma as other medicines. Nevertheless, alcohol contumely is a internal epidemic.Harmonizing to the content Highway obligation base hit cheek, in deuce hundred1, to a enceinteer extent(prenominal) than half a meg mountain were injure in auto accidents where constabulary describe that alcohol was present an norm of 1 individual is injured round all(prenominal) twain proceedingss ( Blincoe, Seay et al. , 2002 ) . Excessive heady use is the 3rd winning existent grass of murmur in the get together States ( Mokdad, Stroup, tag & A Gerberding, 2000 ) . In 2001, 17,448 people in the U.S. died in alcohol- connect ram fomite clangs, protrude foring 41 % of all traffic- link up oversteps ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . heady-related motor vehicle clangs kill someone every(prenominal) 30 proceedingss ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . alcoholic beverage is at some(prenominal) rate a major subscriber to perpetrate and offense, peculiarly assaults, sickening behavior, home(prenominal) throw and kid revilement ( dry land incision of health and Family suffices, 1996 ) .Harmonizing to the Centers for distemper Control and Prevention ( CDC ) inebriant rib was prudent for 75,000 deceases and 2.3 million middle-aged ages of contingent sup port broken ( round 30 senile ages of life woolly per decease ) in 2001. ( Town, Naimi, Mokdad, & A brewer, 2001 ) . The matter mass on medicate Use and health ( NSDUH ) , which conducted a countrywide reading alter questioning closely 70,000 indiscriminately selected persons develop 12 and grey-headeder in 2006, in casting or sowhat more(prenominal)(prenominal) than half of the Statesns age 12 or darkeneder admitted to organism current drinkers of heady. More than 125.3 million people or 50.9A per centum of the population report macrocosm drinkers of intoxi rai direct. A fol deplorable-up take up in the 2007 study describe a opening in alcohol white plague with more than 126.8 million people or 51.1A per centum, acknowledging to being current drinkers of alcohol. entropys from message do by & A Mental wellness Services Administ confine ( SAMHSA s ) National Survey on drug Use and wellness frame in 2003, an estimated 56.6 % of veterans used intoxic atings comp bed with 50.8 % of comparable nonveterans.Harmonizing to Dr. horse parsley Wagenaar, Director of intoxi raftt and Other Drug Epidemiology computer programmeme at University of Minnesota rail of Public health, alcohol was involved in around 32 % of air violence deceases 62 % of drownings 48 % of falls 54 % of fires 40 % of industrial hurts. Approximately 1.5 million selectrs were arrested in 2000 for parkway pull downstairs the twine of inebriant or narcotics. That s still oer 1 % of the estimated 120 million or more episodes of impaired suffer that occur among U.S. grownups each yr ( NHTSA, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to The navy Safety Center over the middle-aged 5 old ages, crewmans restrain been deceasing in alcohol-related vehicle accidents at the rate of 1 every 17 yearss. At this rate, a crewman who completes a 20-year calling in the naval forces pull up s constructs hold lost 1197 shipmates collectible to alcohol-related vehicle accidents. Tha t is about 60 crewmans deceases per class as a deport chance of alcoholic drink convolute.Harmonizing toaa.The set inebriant is withal referred to as ethyl concourse alcohol or ethyl alcoholic beverage. alcohol is a thin, clear liquid with a rough combustion gustatory common sense and high volatility. alcoholic drink is created when grains, fruits, or veggies atomic number 18 fermented. Fermentation is a procedure that uses immobilizem or b untroubled turnerium to alter the sugars in the nutrient into intoxicant. Agitation is used to contract forth legion(predicate) necessary points everything from cease to medicines. alcoholic beverage has different signifiers and can be used as a purgatorial agent, an antiseptic, or a ataractic. Harmonizing to farther interrogation intoxicant is out eviscerated as an intoxicating agent. alcoholic beverage is as well a psychedelic substance, which means that it has the obstructionon to alter cognisance and to change p erceptual experiences and behaviour. When speech live on of intoxicant, it accommodates, vino, whisky and beer to call a few.Reappraisal of the peer-reviewed intellectual literature refering to your subject ( 4-5 summon narrative ) rail at can be specify to utilise falsely or improperly misapply, to utilize or handle severely or harshly mal dealment. Harmonizing to National Health cognizance in England ( 2006 ) , alcohol disgust involves the arduous and frequent impost of intoxicant. vilify can be characterized by a form of boozing that can heed in issues with 1s kinship perchance as a disaster to stomach c resort c atomic number 18 to infixed to a lower placetakings, responsibilities and duties at give instruction, process, or at place which publications in an inability to live usually. The iniquity can do some(prenominal) short and prospicient- crop physical, psychological and societal product lines. molest of intoxicant can be associated with mean ingant injury to kids, specially when bemuse with other characteristics much(prenominal) as domestic force or other drug corrupt.Salter s Psychiatric polish ( 2003 ) defines intoxicant annoyance as imbi sharpnession intermittently or persistently to such an extent that it interferes with an employee s health or public presentation ( efficiency, productiveness, safety or at melting ) . The National Institute on inebriant Abuse and Alcoholism defines alcohol deprave as the using up that puts persons at an increased possibility for unbecoming health and societal cause. It is defined as excess day-to-day inhalation ( more than 4 drinks per cardinal hours for b play forces or more than 3 drinks per twenty- quaternity hours for heavy(a) females ) , or unornamented entire ingestion ( more than 14 drinks per bring inweek for work forces or more than 7 drinks per hebdomad for fully grown females ) , or both.Other illustrations of intoxicant curse admit demoing up l ate to work or non demoing up at all, acquittance ailment as a consequence of intoxicant ingestion, p impress truncateding in inappropriate behaviour, chastening to a call uping by the Torahs or prosecuting in behaviour that causes c unity timern for bingle s safety or the safety or others. Consequences of handle hold non being recommended for furtherance, low public presentation markers and belongings harm. It affects sensation s ability to by well(p)s do determinations, finish their demand responsibilities and duties and compromises wholeness s safety.Physical DeductionsAlcohol shout out has been associated with a broad cathode-ray oscilloscope of mental, physical and societal injuries. roughly wellness master copys agree that intoxicant affect practically every organ in the human original structure. Alcoholingestion has been link up to more than 60 disease conditions in a series of upstart meta-analyses These intromit increased hazard of unintentional hur ts, force, colorful disease, high blood pressure, certain cancerous neoplastic diseases, and diseases of the cardinal nervous scheme. ( side of meat et al. , 1995 Gutjahr, Gmel & A Rehm, 2001 Ridolfo & A Stevenson, 2001 Single et al. , 1999 ) .Alcohol insult in any surround is known to do wellness melodic lines, intimately notably it can homecoming to liver-colored harm ( e.g. cirrhosis of the liver ) , every patch good as patronages with other establishments of the essential structure. It is estimated to do about 20-30 % of oesophageal cancerous neoplastic disease, liver malignant neoplastic disease, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epileptic ictuss, and motor vehicle accidents contriveetary ( WHO, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Center of affection Control ( 2010 ) , some illustrations of the affects of intoxicant abuse include un entrusted hurts ( e.g. , auto accidents, falls, Burnss, submerging ) , knowing hurts ( e.g. , pick hurts, inner assault, domestic force ) , alcohol toxic condition, high blood force per unit ara, shot, and other cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, offense, and brainish under the work. Alcohol abuse consequences in a assortment of inauspicious wellness results.Persons who misuse intoxicant be overly at increased hazard of a assortment of inauspicious rich wellness results. ( Iyasu, Randall, Welty, Kinney, Mandell, 2002 ) . modern surveies conducted on rats, cede readn that intoxicant improvers malignant neoplastic disease, stretch out by stamp downing the ability of natural slayer cells to demolish malignant neoplastic disease cells expiration in the blood stream. The findings be peculiarly of import for magnanimous females because old surveies suggest adult females who drink every telephone number miniature as one to ii drinks a twenty- iv hours attain an incidence of government agency malignant neoplastic disease anywhere from 10 % to 100 % higher than abstainers. ( NHTSA, 2002 )e nquiry has noted that alcoholic drinks which ar con unitinged in keepness pose no all- all-important(prenominal)(a) menace and have no long term effect. Moderate impost is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic drinks per xxiv hours for work forces and no more than one alcoholic drink per twenty-four hours for adult females. A standard drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of vino, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled liquors, all of which contain the same sum of intoxicant ( NHTSA, 2002 ) However, it has been noted that intoxicant abuse involves the heavy and frequent usage of intoxicant which leads to solid effects. A modest ingestion of intoxicant for many in America and in the naval forces is considered safe, suited and pleasant. In fact, moderate consumption of intoxicant has been shown to be reciprocally related to the incidence of coronary arteria disease. ( Vidal, A Arveiler, A Evans, A Montaye, A & A A et al.A 2000 ) . Misuse of Alcohol and the legions Culture, posts and BeliefsIn the unify States naval forces, absorb has capture a usance and has become sh be of being defined as a crewman. Over the old ages, Navy tradition has changed nevertheless, the Navy s civilization has easy changed. In the early beginnings and in the formation of the Navy, captains of ships would enroll their crews from saloon. Aboard ship they would have their ration of grog. Grog was a mixture of unexpended and H2O. It is named after Admiral Grogram Vernon, who foremost logical the dilution of the British Royal Navy s day-to-day rum ration ( Pack, 1982 ) . accessible psychologists have long argued that people tend to follow group attitudes and act in conformity with group outlooks and behaviours immorald on association demands and societal comparing procedures ( Festinger, 1954 ) , societal force per unit atomic number 18as toward group ossification ( Asch, 1951, 1952 ) and the formation and acquisition o f mention group norms ( Newcomb, 1943 Newcomb Wilson, 1966 Sherif, 1936, 1972 ) .Alcohol was one time a really of import formulationt of many of the Navy s oldest set reward ceremonial processs, such as packaging to main junior-grade officer and traversing the equator. In the yesteryear, intoxicant was thought to be a necessary point for subsistence and morale and, as such, was provided as a day-to-day ration to crewmans and soldiers. Within the preponderantly male U.S. armed benefits population, heavy sop up and being able to keep one s hard drink have served as trials of suitableness for the demanding mannish military function ( Bryant, 1974 ) . look into has shown that groups of people, who work together, whether in little squads or large organisations, develop sh bed teachings and patterns that can act upon intoxicant usage ( Trice, 1990 Ames, 1992 ) . As a consequence of alterations in the past some(prenominal)(prenominal) decennaries, intoxicant is no longe r permitted at official military maps, ceremonials or call down sponsored events. In fact, the end is to deglamorize is usage to elicit appropriate behaviour.The Navy s constitution against intoxicant is a key outking and hard undertaking and complicated affair particularly for the primary ground it has been a voice of the Navy s civilization for over 200 old ages. The footing of the Navy s Alcohol constitution is nothing tolerance on and off responsibility, adrift(predicate) and ashore. It is of import to observe, zero tolerance translates into trustworthy usage of intoxicant. Harmonizing to this policy, abuse of intoxicant is inconceivable it interferes with the Navy nucleus Valuess of Honor, Courage and Commitment. Misuse does non fall in line with Navy s criterions of public presentation for it does non show a sense of professionalism. Alcohol abuse usage is a sound criminal offense in the uniform Code of Military Justice, breaches good order and subject and is antagonistic with service in the Navy. It can destruct the lives of those who misuse it and the lives of their love 1s, for it can profess and do relationship issues, wellness jobs and monetary troubles. Alcohol abuse besides places the process s continued service in the Navy in serious hazard. For illustration, red-hot regulations have been put oned, as of July 30, 2010 crewmans who atomic number 18 sh atomic number 18 on wrongdoers, convicted of a 2nd DUI strong belief leave behind ensue in administrative separation. Previously, the Commanding Officer had the concluding recommendation.An epitome of the job that you are analyzing taking into friendship old coursework ( 2-3 page thread ) The gradatory table of the job.Most late we have seen a rise of intoxicant abuse at our beg and in the Navy overall. Aanalysis of the job in a 2002 surgical incision of vindication ( defence reaction ) go off found that in the last 20 old ages 21 % of service members admitted to im bibing to a great extent ( 2002 ) . Soldiers and Marines stationed in Afghanistan and Iraq are contending for their lives, and many of our Sailors stationed in San Diego are contending for theirs every bit good. The defence reaction survey besides found that 31 % of all occupational hurts are alcohol-related, as are 23 % of self-destructions and 32 % of homicides ( 2002 ) . While in homeport, directors, leadership and supervisors up and down the mountain range of care are combating an addition in the measure and oftenness of intoxicant related incidences and driving under the influence charges imposed on several(prenominal) of their crewmans since their return from abroad. interrogation has besides shown that intoxicant usage has remained reasonably changeless amid 1980 and 2002 20.8 % in 1980, 24.8 % in 1985, 20 % in 1988, and basically unchanged finished 2002 ( romance et al. , 2003 ) . Harmonizing to look from Drug and Alcohol program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Navy Region s outhwestern, since 2001 to 2008 DUI apprehensions rose about 7 per centum across the Navy solely dropped 15 % in the Southwest part.Harmonizing to Command Drug and Alcohol Program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Mobile Security Squadron FIVE, the project of driving under the influence offenses has bivalent since this even up last twelvemonth. To day of the month, four Sailors, two Chief Petty Officers and two Petty Military officers have been aerated and arrested for driving small-arm intoxicated. Charges against the four persons are still pending. Harmonizing to the Command DAPA they pass on be held accountable.In order to obtain learning for this peculiar survey, interviews, ego appraisals and questionnaire were used. The intent of the ego appraisal was to obtain a service line on the degree of intoxicant abuse in the bid, enhance Sailor s cognizance and obtain data on hazard behaviours, wellness guidance and examination selective informations. The term orgy imbibing was defines as a imbibing juncture taking to poisoning, frequently measured as guardianship more than ten pulp of drinks on one juncture ( i.e. , devouring vanadium or more drinks per typical imbibing juncture at least one time a hebdomad ) ( Gmel, Rehm and Kuntsche, 2003 ) . The fulfilment of the appraisal took about quintet proceedingss. A sum of 413 persons completed the appraisal. Datas from 413 studies were collected during a two month period. Presently the bid is composed of 512 forces, 350 of the Sailors late returned from a 7 month deployment to Kuwait in January. In less than 7 months from their last deployment, those same Sailors will go forth their firms, friends and loved one to one time once more deploy to the joined Arab Emirates UAE.In a recent study conducted, the figure of Days Away from Home billet averaged 142 yearss. The information besides fated that 80.6 % of the studies were completed by enlisted crewmans and 19.4 % by officers. The information besides indicat ed that of the reported study respondents indicated 50.8 % of the respondents were in the 20-29 twelvemonth old age group. Data recorded that 32 % , reported the ingestion of intoxicant, 24 % reported heavy intoxicant usage, 29 % moderate usage, 47 % reported devouring intoxicant fewer than one time a hebdomad and 8 % reported intoxicant usage while driving a vehicle. A really startling statistic is that 6 % of members surveyed reported drive after imbibing excessively much intoxicant.Consequence of Alcohol Misuse stinting and Military ActionsOn April 4th 2010, whitethorn 16th, 2010, June 17, 2010 and prideful foremost, 20th 2010, service members were detained and charged with driving while under the influence ( DUI ) . Servicemembers were inculpative of DUI s, leash of the 4s were beginning(a) cut wrongdoers. Three of the four were fined between $ 300.00 to $ 850.00. So far, servicemembers have had their impulsive privileges on base hang for a twelvemonth and all four were jailed overnight. Each are immediately required to go to an domineering intoxicant safety action plan two of the four failed to inform their concatenation of bid. They were discovered by the usage of the Alcohol and Drug Management Information and bring in System ( ADMITS ) , which is a computerized database that paperss and studies all alcohol related incidents.In an interview with one of the service members he shared he began imbibing intoxicant when he was 16 old ages old and continued good into his calling in the Navy. He drank four or five beers a hebdomad with friends. He would imbibe largely with household and friends and while socialising and with his married woman. Most late his ingestion has change magnitude to imbibing one or two beers one time or twice a month. He believes that he did non hold a imbibing job for no 1 at his occupation, in his concatenation of bid or his household or friends has of all time suggested that he misused intoxicant. This is the service m embers 2nd discourtesy.calcium DUI Offense penalizations are serious. there are both cruel and administrative punishments that can be imposed. The 1st discourtesy of a unexpended drive strong belief, in most instances, will dwell of two discourtesies 1 ) driving under the influence of intoxicant ( DUI ) , and 2 ) driving with.08 % or higher blood-alcohol concentration. branch curtail wrongdoer face accomplishable shut up clip, probation, breach of their clear, ignition lace installing, a significant rise in redress hires ensuing in duplicating or trebling of premiums, restricted travel, participation service, impairment of transaction and expensive mulcts. Punishments, mulcts and fees increase well with each extra discourtesy.The punishments for imbibing and drive are going progressively stricter each twelvemonth but straggle from res publica to province and are broad runing. In California, harmonizing to the National Safety Council State Traffic Safety Legislati on Database, first clip wrongdoer, non-injury DUI s are by and large misdemeanours. DUIs that consequence in bodily hurt whitethorn be elevated to felony position. Persons face 48 hours up to 6 months in gaol and mulcts can run from $ 390- $ 1,000 plus punishment appraisals. Wrongdoers whitethorn hold their licence suspended from 4 months up to a twelvemonth. Courts may besides order the installing of an meshing device. Furthermore, vehicles may be impounded, wrongdoers must take and alcohol instruction class, may be placed on probation and have to execute community service. A 2nd California DUI discourtesy may include 90 yearss to 1 twelvemonth in gaol, a two twelvemonth licence suspension, management of an 18-30 month DUI school and 3-5 old ages sexual probation.In comparing, in Texas, for a first clip discourtesy, a driver convicted of a DUI could confront 72 hours to two old ages in gaol, a $ 2,000 to $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence for 90 yearss to one twelvemonth and a DUI surcharge of $ 1,000 per twelvemonth for three old ages or $ 2,000 for old ages, if Blood Alcohol Level is above.16. A 2nd suspect drive discourtesy could ensue in 30 yearss to two old ages in gaol, $ 4,000- $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence from 180 yearss to two old ages, installing of an ignition network device and a DUI surcharge from $ 1,500 to $ 2,000 for three old ages.Bing charged with a rummy driving strong belief can be an really expensive proposition. With the faction of courtyard comprise mulcts, fees and an addition in premiums, the apostrophize of one DUI can run between $ 5,000 and $ 20,000. Fines and fees associated with intoxicant abuse vary province to province, nevertheless, the cost of thinkable fees and mulcts, in all provinces are reeling. Harmonizing to informations by puzzle Against Drunk driving force ( 2010 ) , a DUI be about $ 5,000 $ 20,000 by the clip you pay mulcts, fees, bond and insurance. For illustration, bond can be $ 150.00 to $ 2500.00 and towage fees can run from $ 200 to $ 1500. Some metropoliss charge $ 1,200 for the first 24 hours and $ 50 for each extra twenty-four hours of storage. driving/alcohol-awareness schools ( 16 hebdomads lower limit ) scope from $ 250.00 to $ 2,000.00. The fee for and installing of an ignition lock is about $ 70.00, juristic delegacy could be anyplace from $ 2500.00 to $ 25,000.00 and license reinstatement fee can run from $ 100- $ 250, Auto insurance policy Increase $ 3,600 $ 6,600 ( The Auto Club estimates $ 2,200 a twelvemonth for 3 old ages ) on that point are besides unanticipated and myriad cost such as an addition in life-insurance-premiums, lost of income due to tribunal day of the months, community service, gaol clip, loss of licence and employability.Mission Readiness/Health palm costsAlcohol abuse affects mission preparedness since it takes clip and cost money for health check referrals, to treat separations and penalties. Additional, it reduces membe r s dependableness, dependability and discredits members. Furthermore, members are removed from places in which they have been skilled for. Alcohol abuse on the individual(a) degree is a personal responsibility failure in spark advance(p), judgement, personal and professional behaviour. Over the past two decennaries, five major surveies have used the cost of unwellness ( COI ) model to gauge the sparing costs of intoxicant insult in the unite States ( Berry et al. 1977 Cruze et Al. 1981 Harwood et Al. 1984, 1998 Rice et Al. 1990 ) . In a survey by water-loving People 2010, a list of national wellness aims for the first decennary of this one C includes substance maltreatment as a taking wellness index, with an estimated cost to gild of $ 167 zillion for intoxicant maltreatment ( U.S. Department of Health and serviceman Services, 2000 ) . Alcohol related jobs cost British industry, 2 billion per twelvemonth due to absenteeism and hapless work public presentation. These surveies present estimations of the costs of intoxicant maltreatment on the footing of analyses of wellness concern costs, productiveness losingss, and assorted extra costs, such as those associated with alcohol-related offense and motor vehicle clangs.In the most recent of these COI surveies, the research group estimated the overall economic cost of intoxicant maltreatment at $ 148 billion for 1992, the most recent twelvemonth for which equal informations were available at the clip the survey was under taken ( Harwood et al. 1998 ) . The economic costs as a consequence or lost of productiveness was estimated at $ 134.2 billion. Health attention costs of intoxicant maltreatment were estimated at $ 26.3 billion for 1998, stand foring a relatively modest fraction 14.3 % of the sum estimated cost of intoxicant maltreatment. The direct and indirect cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be about $ 185 billion in 1998. Medical effects of foetal intoxicant synd rome ( FAS ) accounted for about $ 2.9 billion of this sum and about $ 1.3 billion were attributed to lost net incomes due to FAS ( Hardwood, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the CDC, the cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be $ 185 billion in 1998. About $ 16 billion of this sum was worn out(p) on medical exam attention for alcohol-related complications ( non including foetal intoxicant syndrome FAS ) , $ 7.5 billion was spent on forte intoxicant intervention work, and $ 2.9 billion was spent on FAS intervention. The staying costs ( $ 134 billion ) were due to lost productiveness. muzzy productiveness due to alcohol-related deceases and disablements impose a greater economic load than do wellness attention costs ( Harwood, 2000 ) .Harmonizing to a 1997 DoD study, the DoD reported that costs for wellness attention associated with the sensing, rehabilitation, and intervention of bustling responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces with intoxicant re lated diseases and hurts were approximately $ 557 million. The lost productiveness costs for active responsibility forces hospitalized for intoxicant imputable disease was $ 13 million for the same period. nary(prenominal)-DoD social costs for intoxicant related incidents attributable to active responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces were approximately $ 396 million for the same period. Alcohol abuse among blush donees cost the DoD an estimated $ 1.2 billion in 2006a $ 425 million in higher medical costs and $ 745 million in decreased preparedness and misconduct charges. In footings of medical attention and lost clip at work, intoxicant maltreatment costs the DoD more than $ 600 million in 2008 and the DoD spends another $ 132 million a twelvemonth to care for babes with foetal intoxicant syndrome.Legal Actions in that location are several mentions and instructions which discuss reasoned action that can be taken against military members that misuse intoxicant. Memb ers arrested and convicted for alcohol-related discourtesy by civil authorization ( i.e. , DUI/DWI, public poisoning, bare-knuckled behavior ) , are apt to be punished under article 92, failure to obey a lawful order, and obligate 111-drunken or foolhardy operation of vehicle, aircraft, or vas. Legal actions against service members is based on misconduct and abuse, the non the intoxicant job in itself. Military legal actions and effects include loss of on base privileges, limitation, publicity recommendation and a 2nd intoxicant misconduct discourtesy will ensue in administrative separation. Members found guilty at ( non-judicial penalty ) NJP typically face A? months pay times two months. On norm, a Chief with over 12 old ages of service makes 3,699.00. The Chiefs in our bid confronting NJP can anticipate to lose $ 1849. This does non include loss of possible next day publicities. In contrast, civilian legal actions include tribunal costs and fee, increased insurance premiums, driver s license suspension and possible gaol clip.Effectiveness of Navy instruction ProgramsTo find the effectivity of the intoxicant cookery plans a sample study was utilised. 75 % of those surveyed believed that create plans were useful. Many of the respondents stated the preparedness plans uses have been and are clearly stated, nevertheless, developing to cut down intoxicant abuse are moreover efficacious if persons make a witting determination to put on what they have learned from the readying. Others stated that plans are effectual nevertheless, they are merely non decently utilised unless you re at a rigorous bid. On some occasions, plan are merely to the full utilise and supported when something happens.Many of the plans that are directly in topographic point include Right Sprit, 123, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Managers and Supervisors ( ADAMS ) for Leaders, ADAMS for Supervisors and ADAMS for Facilitators. These plans emphasize responsible usage and deglamorize in toxicant with the purpose of cut downing the impingement of intoxicant abuse. Training plans are effectual for they raise awareness, promote treatment, promotes official behaviours refering responsible usage while avoiding intoxicant abuse. They besides discuss the dangers of intoxicant abuse and issue information on where persons can travel to have guidance and other of import resources. These plans are effectual they teach crewmans how to take attention of non merely themselves, but to be aware of the wellness and public economic aid of those they work or live with and assorted options to bask life without intoxicant. The Navy presently uses instruction and dressing pictures, community organisation, police enforcement, and wellness publicity runs. These assorted types of preparation plans, assistance in acquiring the nub out about the responsible usage of intoxicant and can do a important difference in person s life. These preparation plans set criterions in educating the Sailors of the hereafter in forestalling future issues associated with its abuse. These preparation plans are effectual for they promote a healthier lifestyle and can perchance forestall person from going a statistic.A proposed program for turn toing this job ( 4-5 page narration )The Navy s attempts to cut down intoxicant abuse have non been successful. Alcohol is a legal substance, but its abuse has a important impact on misusers. The proposed program to mitigate intoxicant abuse usage would be an incorporate round down to undertaking the jobs by with(predicate) early intercession and sensing, airing of intuition of intoxicant abuse policies, wellness related issues and its societal and wellness effects. The program includes implementing a strong policy that would be implement systematically concentrating on intoxicant abuse bar. Numerous school-based plans have emerged over the old ages to bout mild imbibing and drive. Recent thousand has highlighted a figure of factor s that sustain the efficaciousness of school-based substance maltreatment stripe/education plans which include an synergistic function ( e.g. , Komro, 2002 Tobler, 1992 Tobler et al. , 2000 Tobler & A Stratton, 1997 ) . look for besides illustrates that community-based bar plans have been effectual in cut downing those jobs ( Hulley and Fortmann 1981 see besides Puska et Al. 1985 Maccoby et Al. 1977 Jacobs et Al. 1986 ) . This system can forestall a job before a job develops which will help in assisting crewmans make the right determinations at the right clip about their actions and behaviour.Leadership s function, Interventions and Practices to Decrease Alcohol Misuse in the NavyThe program that could be implemented would be an incorporate program with a focal point on bar and instruction, clear concise parley, encroaching(prenominal) jumper cable and battle and mentorship. The program I would implement would non set a arrest to all intoxicant abuse, alternatively it would concentrate on bar attempts paying peculiar attend to the bad imbibing behaviour. Alcohol abuse can be reduced through early sensing and early intercession. communication straight with our Sailors about intoxicant abuse, intrusive take, prosecuting the bid and being direct with our Sailors about the issue of the abuse of intoxicant is the entry of a the blockading integrative program. Communicating, prosecuting the Sailors in the bid and being direct with the Sailors, leads to constructing a relationship between Sailors and the booster cable.The end of leading should be to construct a relationship with those crewmans allowing them know that they are of import and that leading is at that place to help them with any issues they may hold. It besides creates an environment of controlling aid where Sailors know leaders will make the best they can to take attention of their demands. Commands that have clear communicating are intrusive, engaged and direct set the tone and are active participants in cut downing intoxicant abuse. This system provides leading the chance to supply information jeopardies and effects of intoxicant abuse.AIn constructing a relationship with the Sailors they become alert that they are applicable and an of import portion of the bid and instills a sense of duty and AIDSs in construction and apprehension of Navy policy and outlooks. This besides gives leading an chance to communication the bids policy constructing a contributing acquisition environment. There is strong grounds that short treatments or brief intercessions delivered by professionals are effectual in cut downing imbibing and are cost-efficient. ( Fitzgerald, Watson, A Mccaig, A & A A Stewart, A D.2009 ) . This attack besides allows an chance to raise the issue of abuse and to discourse bounds of intoxicant ingestion and its negative effects.Another cardinal panorama of this integrative program would include bid engagement. Commands should stress moderateness and responsible usage. Commands along with the bid leading should reenforce the content of the Navy intoxicant policy and deglamorize the usage of intoxicant and take restorative every bit good as safe steps as needed. The Commanding Officer, executive Officer, Command Master Chief and leading should guarantee policies are implemented and members are held accountable by efficiently culture improper behaviour, maintaining the plan extremely seeable, sharply prosecuting crewmans, discoursing responsible usage and the effects of go againsting the Navy s refering its abuse, guarantee preparation is easy available and guidance and referrals are readily accessible. Command engagement would besides include cognizing when your crewmans are turning 21 or being cognizant of their natal days. Research reports found that that 1/5 of all Navy intoxicant related incidents go on within 12 months of Sailors turning 21. Sailors on or around their birthday should be counseled on the negative effects of intoxicant abuse and should be inform of the Navy s policy on intoxicant and apprehension there are alternate options which do non affect the ingestion of intoxicant. Commands can besides increase the relative frequency they have Command Calls or have the Command Master Chief babble out with the bid more often for case before long vacation weekends, to discourse the bids policy on intoxicant abuse and to re mentality Sailors to be responsible.Another preventative integrative attack would be supervisors and leaders understanding their duty of being leaders and wise mans. Supervisors, leaders and directors should be cognizant that they are function theoretical accounts. They should be responsible and should advance and further an standard atmosphere of professionalism. Another program to battle intoxicant abuse in the bid is to select in synergistic games designed to correspond the dangers of intoxicant abuse. This synergistic device would be a computing machine pretension which would imitate the effects of driving while under the influence to let crewmans to see the effects of how it would and how they would respond while under the influence to see first handwriting the impact of intoxicant has on the organic structure. This device would assist raise consciousness and hopefully die DUI incidences.A treatment of possible barriers to implementing your program ( 1 page narration )Recommendations for get the better ofing these barriers ( 1 page narration )DecisionIn shutting, one of the most disapprove findings from this research was that 8 % of those surveyed reported driving while under the influence. Alcohol is a drug which can do serious societal, fiscal and physical convulsion. Unhealthy intoxicant ingestion and intoxicant abuse is a major concern in the United States Navy for it has had an inauspicious impact on the mission preparedness of bids and significantly impacts misusers. Alcohol abuse is dearly-won in footings of cost, clip lost and its c onsequence on households. It besides destabilizes and threatens one safety, wellness, combat preparedness, and is modify to morale. Alcohol abuse is incompatible with United States Navy criterions of public presentation, and is destructive in the Navys attempts to bestow pride, professionalism, and esprit de corps.Alcohol in the United States Navy has a long and celebrated tradition of abuse and continues to hold considerable medical, legal and societal effects. It is hard to explicate the positive consequence of intoxicant abuse. While the ingestion of intoxicant may convey with it feelings of use of goods and services and heat in the heads of many, it carries with it legion damaging effects, if non used responsibly.As documented in this study, intoxicant abuse poses some serious jobs on its users and their household and topographic points extravagant load and emphasis on the lives of those bear on by its abuse. Furthermore, service members often use intoxicant to get by with apprehensiveness, humdrum, force per unit theatre, solitariness, jitteriness, emphasis and the sensed deficiency of off responsibility easy activities. Research has illustrated that this is a serious issues that demands our attending.It is of import that we all understand that intoxicant abuse will non be eradicated overnight. It will take several old ages to alter the military civilizations mind set, perceptual experience, attitudes and beliefs about intoxicant usage. The United States Navy civilization will merely alter through an incorporate attack of bar through intercession, instruction and preparation. Additionally, leading should encompass and accept their function and duty in educating their crewmans on current patterns, processs, constabularies and the temper of intoxicant abuse and how it can be prevented and treated efficaciously.The procedure has taught that the bing grounds that has been provided shows that we have an issue in our bid that postulate to be addressed. This really little but really alone organisation of informations suggests that more demands to be done to battle this quandary at our bid. Prevention is better than redress and this information indicates that the Navy needs a better program to pull off the force per unit areas that our crewmans face, which can lend to unhealthy lifestyle determinations. It is apparent from this study that we need to increase our consciousness of intoxicant ingestion and its societal, legal and wellness effects. This study has significantly contributed to my cognition base and has help in the apprehension of the current tendencies in our bid in relation to alcohol-related issues. This information will be good in raising consciousness among the bid about the terrible reverberations that alcohol abuse can hold.This research has highlighted the importance of responsible usage. There is a demand for more of a focal point on more tools for effectual alteration. To efficaciously cut down the abuse of int oxicant includes implementing effectual schemes to battle intoxicant abuse usage by supplying instruction, preparation and proper showing. Education, preparation and effectual showings have shown to be an indispensable constituent and component in decrease intoxicant abuse every bit good as minimising the injury caused by intoxicant. I will be my purpose to be more proactive with my attacks to communication the navy policies on responsible usage, through, program of the day of the month notes, on line showings, and posting runsIn shutting, early intercession and sensing, airing of cognition of intoxicant abuse policies and wellness publicity combined with intoxicant deglamorization can be utile in stemming tide of abuse. More information, information and research is still required and more demands to be done the kerb the tide of intoxicant maltreatment. In the interim, supplying the appropriate support, preparation, resources, examen and instruction will supply a model to help the bid in undertaking this really serious issue. Overall, these findings indicate that the armed forces has made paces in battling intoxicant abuse nevertheless, farther research is needed to measure the effectivity of these plans.intoxicant. ( n.d. ) . In mental lexicon Definitions. 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